بررسی وضعیت نابرابری درآمدی در خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان نیشابور با تأکید بر نقش درآمدهای غیرکشاورزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

4 استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه، درآمدهای غیرکشاورزی به بخشی مهم از منابع تأمین معاش در خانوارهای روستایی تبدیل شده است و نقشی مهم در کاهش فقر و نابرابری درآمدی دراین خانوارها دارد. از این‏رو، در مطالعه حاضر، نقش درآمدهای غیرکشاورزی در نابرابری درآمدی در خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان نیشابور با بهره‌گیری از شاخص تجزیه ضریب جینی بررسی شد. داده‌های مورد نیاز از 380 خانوار روستایی این شهرستان به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای طی دوره زمانی شهریور تا بهمن 1396 از طریق مصاحبه حضوری و تکمیل پرسشنامه به‌دست آمد. نتایج حاصل از پرسشنامه‌ها نشان داد که در سال‌های 1395 و 1396، میانگین درآمد یک خانوار روستایی شهرستان نیشابور حدود 19/21 میلیون تومان بود که از آن میان، درآمدهای غیرکشاورزی (خوداشتغالی، مزدبگیری غیرکشاورزی، مستمری، اجاره و سود و یارانه) 8/48 درصد و درآمدهای کشاورزی (زراعت، باغ و دام) 1/51 درصد از کل درآمد خانوار را تشکیل می‌داد. بر پایه نتایج تجزیه ضریب جینی، در حالی که درآمدهای غیرکشاورزی نابرابری درآمدی را کاهش داده، درآمد از بخش کشاورزی (باغ و دام) موجب افزایش نابرابری درآمدی در خانوارهای روستایی شده است. همچنین، بیشترین سهم در نابرابری درآمدی خانوارهای روستایی مربوط به بخش دام با 34 درصد و کمترین سهم مربوط به یارانه‌ها با دو درصد بود. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، پیشنهاد سیاستی مطالعه حاضر فراهم‌سازی زمینه رشد فعالیت‌های غیرکشاورزی به‌ویژه فعالیت‌های مزدبگیری و خوداشتغالی غیرکشاورزی در مناطق روستایی به‌منظور کاهش نابرابری درآمدی است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Income Inequality in Rural Households of Neyshabur County of Iran with Emphasis on the Role of Non-Farm Incomes

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Iravani 1
  • M. Daneshvar Kakhki 2
  • M. Ghorbani 3
  • A. Karbasi 4
1 PhD Student of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Today, non-farm income is an important part of the livelihood strategies of rural households and plays a great role in reducing the poverty and income inequality. So, this study aimed at investigating the effect of non-farm incomes on income inequality in rural Neyshabur County of Iran. For this purpose, the Gini coefficient decomposition index was used. Required data were obtained from 380 rural households in the county using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method from September 2017 to January 2018. The results of the questionnaires showed that the average income of a rural household in Neyshabur in the period of 2016-2017 was about 211.9 IR million rials. The non-farm incomes (such as self-employment, non-farm wages, pension, rent and profits, and subsidies) accounted for 48.8 percent and farm incomes (permanent and temporary crop and livestock) accounted for 51.1 percent of the total rural households’ income. Gini coefficient decomposition results revealed that while non-farm incomes decreased income inequality, the farm income tended to increase the income inequality among the rural households. The largest share of rural households' income inequality was related to livestock income with 34 percent and the lowest related to the subsidies income source with 2 percent. Based on the results, the policy recommendation of this study is to provide a context for the growth of non-farm activities, especially non-farm wage and self-employment activities in rural areas, to reduce the income inequality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Gini Coefficient Decomposition
  • Rural Non-Farm Income
  • Income Inequality
  • Neyshabur (County)
  1. Abounoori, E. and Zoghi, E. (2013). Estimation and comparison of income distribution inequality by parametric and nonparametric methods. Journal of Economics Science, 8(16): 13-30. (Persian)
  2. Adams, R.H. (2001). Non-farm income, inequality and poverty in rural Egypt and Jordan. UN: World Bank.
  3. Adams, R.H. and Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries? World Development, 33(10): 1645-1669. DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004
  4. Adato, M. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2002). Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework. Environment and Production Technology Division. Discussion Paper 89. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  5. Agbonlahor, M.U., Adewuyi, S.A. and Ogundairo, V.O. (2016). Do rural smallholder farmers subsidize farm investments with non-farm income? A study of vegetable farmers. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 22(3): 231-242. DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2015.1020464
  6. Ängquist, L. (2010). Stata Tip 92: manual implementation of permutations and bootstraps. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 10: 686-688. DOI:10.1177/1536867X1101000410
  7. Babatunde, R.O. and Qaim, M. (2009). The role of off-farm income diversification in rural Nigeria: driving forces and household access. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 48(4): 305-320.
  8. Barrett, C., Reardon, T.A. and Wedd, P. (2001). Non-farm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4): 315-331. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00014-8
  9. Block, S.A. and Wedd, P. (2001). The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia. Food Policy, 26(4): 350-333. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00015-X
  10. Canagarajah, S. and Thomas, S. (2001). Poverty in a wealthy economy: the case of Nigeria. Journal of African Economies, 10(2): 143-173. DOI: 10.1093/jae/10.2.143
  11. Davis, B., Giuseppe, D.S. and Zezza, A. (2017). Are African households (not) leaving agriculture? Patterns of households' income sources in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy, 67: 153-174. DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.018
  12. Davis, B., Winters, P., Carletto, G., Covarrubias, K., Quinones, E., Zezza, A. and Di Giuseppe, S. (2007). Rural income generating activities; a cross country comparison. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3307433
  13. Gautam, Y. and Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 44: 239-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
  14. Haggblade, S. and Hazell, P. (2005). The rural non-farm economy: pathway out of poverty or pathway in? Paper Prepared for the 1FPRI/ODI/Imperial College Research Workshop on the Future of Small Farms, Withersdane Conference Centre, Wye,Kent, UK, June 26-29.
  15. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. and Reardon, T. (2010). The rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Development, 38(10): 1429-1441. DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.008
  16. Huang, Q., Dawe, D., Rozelle, S. and Huang, J. (2005). Irrigation, poverty and inequality in rural China. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 49(2): 159-175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467.8489.2005.00281x.
  17. Janvry, D.A., Sadoulet, E. and Zhu, N. (2005). The role of non-farm incomes in reducing rural poverty and inequality in China. Berkley University of California, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
  18. Jatav, M. and Sen, S. (2013). Drivers of non-farm employment in rural India: evidence from the 2009-10 NSSO Round. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(8): 26-27.
  19. Kimhi, A. (2009). Rural non-farm employment and income inequality in southern Ethiopia: the gender dimension. Paper Presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on Gapstrends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty, Rome, 31 March- 2 April.
  20. Mat, S.H.C., Jalil, A.Z.A. and Harun, M. (2012). Does non-farm income improve the poverty and income inequality among agricultural household in rural Kedah? Procedia Economics and Finance, 1: 269-275. DOI: 10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00031-7
  21. Mehregan, N., Abbasian, E.A. and Ardalan, B. (2014). Multiple decomposition of income inequality in Iran using a generalized Gini coefficient. Journal of Economic Development Policy, 2(2): 1-27. (Persian)
  22. Mortimore, M. and Adams, W.M. (1999). Working the Sahel: environment and society in northern Nigeria. London: Routledge.
  23. Pavithra, S. and Vatta, K. (2013). Role of non-farm sector in sustaining rural livelihoods in Punjab. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 26(2): 257-265.
  24. Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural non-farm labour market in Africa. World Development, 25(5): 735-747. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(96)00137-4
  25. Samadi, H.A. (2002). Identifying the most important sources of increasing income inequality in urban and rural areas of Iran: Gini coefficient analysis (1991 and 1996). Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 74: 33-52. (Persian)
  26. Senadza, B. (2011). Does non-farm income improve or worsen income inequality? Evidence from rural Ghana. African Review of Economics and Finance, 2(2): 104-121.
  27. Timothy, A.T. (2011). Rural non-farm incomes and poverty reduction in Nigeria. AERC Research Paper 224, African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi.
  28. Van den Broeck, G. and Maertens, M. (2017). Moving up or moving out? Insights into rural development and poverty reduction in Senegal. World Development, 99: 95-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.009
  29. Vasco, C. and Tamayo, G.N. (2017). Determinants of non-farm employment and non-farm earnings in Ecuador. CEPAL Review, 121: 53-67.