روستا و توسعه

روستا و توسعه

تحلیل مکانی - منطقه‌ای تاب‌آوری در برابر ناامنی غذایی خانوارهای روستایی: مورد مطالعه شهرستان کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
سمانه سنجابی 1
کیومرث زرافشانی 2
فرزاد امیری 3
علی اصغر میرک زاده 4
سعید پورمعصومی لنگرودی 5
حسین شعبانعلی فمی 6
1 نویسنده مسئول و دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
2 استاد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 استادیار گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشکده مدیریت مهندسی، دانشگاه صنعتی، کرمانشاه، ایران
4 دانشیار ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
5 دانشیار سیستم دینامیک، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه برگن، برگن، نروژ
6 استاد ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
10.30490/rvt.2025.367467.1676
چکیده
امنیت غذایی به دسترسی مداوم و بهنگام همه افراد به غذای کافی، سالم و مغذی برای زندگی فعال اشاره دارد و در مناطق روستایی به دلیل وابستگی به منابع طبیعی و محدودیت‌های زیرساختی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل مکانی - منطقه‌ای تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه در برابر ناامنی غذایی انجام شد. این پژوهش توصیفی - تحلیلی است و داده‌ها از 239 خانوار روستایی از مجموع 34723 خانوار روستایی در پنج بخش شهرستان کرمانشاه با پرسش نامه محقق‌ساخته جمع‌آوری شد. روایی پرسش ­نامه توسط کارشناسان و پایایی آن با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (0.71) تأیید شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره ویکور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تاب‌آوری در بخش‌های مختلف ناهمگن است؛ به طور مشخص، بخش‌های ماهیدشت و بیلوار با شاخص‌های ویکور به‌ترتیب 0.16 و 0.5 در بعد ثبات و بخش مرکزی با شاخص صفر در سازگاری و 0.39 در تحول، عملکرد بهتری داشتند. در مقابل، بخش‌های کوزران و فیروزآباد با شاخص‌های 0.89 و 1 کمترین تاب‌آوری را نشان دادند که به محدودیت‌های زیرساختی و وابستگی به کشاورزی دیم نسبت داده می‌شود. نقشه‌های GIS مبتنی بر شاخص‌های ویکور، الگوهای تاب‌آوری را نمایش دادند. این یافته‌ها بر ضرورت سیاست‌گذاری مکان‌محور برای تقویت زیرساخت‌های کشاورزی، تنوع‌بخشی به معیشت و گسترش برنامه‌های آموزشی تأکید دارند. تحلیل مکانی - منطقه‌ای با ارزیابی و مقایسه تاب‌آوری هر بخش، پیشنهادهای سیاستی مکان‌محور، مانند بهبود زیرساخت‌ها و آموزش کشاورزی هوشمند و غیره ارائه کرد و چارچوبی برای کاهش ناامنی غذایی و ارتقای تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی فراهم نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
پایداری محیطی
زیرساخت‌های کشاورزی
خانوارهای روستایی
سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی
ناامنی غذایی

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

A Spatial-Regional Analysis of Resilience to Household Food Insecurity in Rural Areas: Case Study of Kermanshah County

نویسندگان English

S. Sanjabi 1
K. Zarafshani 2
, F. Amiri 3
A. A. Mirkzadeh, , 4
S. Pourmasoumi Langrudi, 5
H. Shabanali Fami 6
1 Corresponding Author and Ph.D in Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Professor, Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor. Department of Industrial Engineering; Faculty of Engineering Management, University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
5 Associate Professor, System Dynamics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
6 Professor, Rural Promotion and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Abstract
Introduction
Food security, a cornerstone of sustainable development, refers to consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. It is particularly critical in rural areas of developing countries, where households face heightened vulnerability due to reliance on natural resources, infrastructural constraints, and economic fragility. Resilience—encompassing stability (maintaining conditions post-disruption), adaptability (flexibility amid changes), and transformation (structural innovation)—provides a framework for managing food-related risks. Spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enables the examination of regional disparities in resilience and food security. This study investigates the spatial distribution of resilience among rural households in Kermanshah County to identify local patterns and provide a framework for targeted policymaking.
Materials and Methods
This descriptive-analytical study collected data from 239 rural households across five districts of Kermanshah County (Mahidasht, Bilvar, Central, Kuzaran, and Firuzabad) using a researcher-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was established with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0/71. Sampling followed a stratified proportional method, with the sample size determined using G*Power software (effect size: 0/15; error level: 0/05). Data were analyzed using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making technique and GIS, with resilience maps generated via ArcGIS.
Results and Discussion
Findings revealed an average respondent age of 49/42 years and a household size of six members (two employed, four unemployed). Households owned an average of 4 hectares (ha) of irrigated land and 6/00 ha of rain-fed land, with a mean monthly non-agricultural income of 11,898,268 IRR and food expenditure of 8,802,521 IRR. Mahidasht and Bilvar districts recorded the highest stability scores (VIKOR indices: 0/17 and 0/50, respectively), likely due to better access to water resources and infrastructure. The Central district demonstrated the strongest adaptability (0/00) and transformation capacity (0/39), associated with greater livelihood diversity and stronger social capital. Conversely, Kuzaran and Firuzabad showed the lowest overall resilience (0/89 and 1, respectively), attributable to infrastructural limitations and heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. GIS maps, using cold-to-warm color gradients, confirmed these patterns, with cooler colors indicating stronger resilience. These results underscore the importance of resource management and infrastructure in shaping resilience levels among rural households.
Conclusions
The study highlighted significant spatial heterogeneity in resilience against food insecurity in Kermanshah County. Strengthening agricultural infrastructure (e.g., efficient irrigation systems), diversifying livelihoods through non-agricultural opportunities, and promoting educational programs for smart agricultural technologies can enhance resilience. Spatial analysis with GIS proved to be an effective tool for location-specific policymaking, contributing to reduced food insecurity and improved environmental sustainability. Future research should include longitudinal studies incorporating climatic variables and innovative agricultural practices.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Environmental sustainability
Agricultural infrastructure
Rural households
Geographic Information System
Food insecurity
1.      Abdi, A.H., Mohamed, A.A. & Mohamed, F.H. (2024). Enhancing food security in sub-Saharan Africa: Investigating the role of environmental degradation, food prices, and institutional quality. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 17, 101241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101241.
2.      Adjimoti, G.O., & Kwadzo, G.T. (2018). Crop diversification and household food security status: Evidence from rural Benin. Agriculture & Food Security, 7, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0233-x.
3.      Ahmadi Firouzjaei, A., Shabanali Fami, H., Motei, N. & Mohammadi Nasrabadi, F. (2016). Analysis of seasonal changes in the food security status of smallholder farmers’ households in Mazandaran province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 47(2), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2016.60221. [In Persian]
4.      Ansah, I.G.K., Gardebroek, C. & Ihle, R. (2019). Resilience and household food security: A review of concepts, methodological approaches and empirical evidence. Food Security, 11(6), 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00977-1.
5.      Arzhang, P., Abbasi, S.H., Sarsangi, P., Malekahmadi, M., Nikbaf-Shandiz, M., Bellissimo, N. & Azadbakht, L. (2022). Prevalence of household food insecurity among a healthy Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1006543. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1006543.
6.      Atara, A., Tolossa, D. & Denu, B. (2020). Analysis of rural households’ resilience to food insecurity: Does livelihood systems/choice matter? The case of Boricha woreda of Sidama zone in Southern Ethiopia. Environmental Development, 35, 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100530.
7.      Bagheri-Fahreji, R., Gharehchaii, H.R. & Savari, M. (2018). The role of resilience against climate change on the level of food security in rural households under the Menarid project in Yazd province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 49(2), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2018.244244.668507. [In Persian]
8.      Bagherzadeh Azar, F., Ranjpour, R., Karimi Takanlou, Z., Motafakerazad, M.A. & Asadzadeh, A. (2016). Estimation and comparison of food security status and the impact of economic variables on it in Iran’s provinces. Journal of Applied Theories of Economics, 3(4), 47–76. http://jtea.sbu.ac.ir/article_99022.html [In Persian]
9.      Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C. (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
10.  Cissé, J.D., & Barrett, C.B. (2018). Estimating development resilience: A conditional moments-based approach. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.04.002.
11.  d’Errico, M., & Pietrelli, R. (2017). Resilience and child malnutrition in Mali. Food Security, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0632-8.
12.  d’Errico, M., Romano, D. & Pietrelli, R. (2018). Household resilience to food insecurity: Evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. Food Security, 10(4), 1033–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0820-5.
13.  Ehsani, M., & Shokouhi, Z. (2022). Estimation of the agricultural resilience index of Iran against climate change. Journal of Strategic Research in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 7(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.22047/srjasnr.2022.147432 [In Persian]
14.  FAO. (2016). Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/resilience/background/tools/rima/en.
15.  FAO. (2023). The state of food security and nutrition in the World 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017en.
16.  FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO (2022). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022: Repurposing Food and Agricultural Policies to Make Healthy Diets More Affordable. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0640en.
17.  Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A. V., Reyers, B. & Rockström, J. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 21(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08748-210341.
18.  Gazuma, E.G., & Astatike, A.A. (2019). Socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity among rural households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Economics, 8(2), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20190802.11.
19.  Ghobadi, S., Farhadian, H. & Kahrizi, K. (2024). An assessment of drought status in Kermanshah Township and an investigation of livelihood capitals influencing farmers’ resilience against drought in the region. JAST, 26(6), 1163-1175.
20.  Gholipour, Y., Ahadnezhad Reveshty, M. & Meshkini, A. (2022). Analysis of Iran’s development policies and programs with an emphasis on sustainable urban food security. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 12(4), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.22126/ges.2022.7991.2549 [In Persian]
21.  Guma, I.P., Rwashana, A.S. & Oyo, B. (2018). Food security indicators for subsistence farmers sustainability: A system dynamics approach. International Journal of System Dynamics Applications, 7(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSDA.2018010103.
22.  Haghi, Y., Jahani, D., Heydari, M.T. & Moeininesab, M. (2023). A review of sustainable food security from the perspective of stakeholders in the home garden system (Case study: Home gardens in Zanjan city). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 13(2), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.22126/ges.2023.8469.2598 [In Persian]
23.  Herrera, H., Kopainsky, B. & Ruge, C. (2021). Building resilience for food security in crisis conditions: A system dynamics perspective. Sustainability, 13(15), 8384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158384.
24.  Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
25.  Holzmann, P., Bourdeau, T., Holt, J., Lawrence, M. & O’Donnell, M. (2008). The household economy approach: A manual for programme planners and policy-makers.
26.  Islam, A., Von Braun, J., Thorne-Lyman, A.L. & Ahmed, A.U. (2018). Farm diversification and food and nutrition security in Bangladesh: Empirical evidence from nationally representative household panel data. Food Security, 10(3), 701–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0806-3.
27.  Jamini, D., Amini, A., Ghadermarzi, H. & Tavakoli, J. (2017). Food security and its consequences in rural areas, case study: Ravansar County. Journal of Geographical Space Planning, 7(24), 113–130. (In Persian)
28.  Kermanshah Agricultural Jahad Organization. (2016). Statistical report on agriculture in Kermanshah County. Kermanshah: Kermanshah Agricultural Jahad Organization. (In Persian)
29.  Khanzadi, A., Karimi, M.S. & Shokri, N. (2018). Estimation of food security in Kermanshah province with an emphasis on the FSI index. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 32(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.22067/jead2.v32i1.65774 (In Persian)
30.  Krivonos, E., & Kuhn, L. (2019). Trade and dietary diversity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Food Policy, 88, 101767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101767.
31.  Marivoet, W., Ulimwengu, J. & Sedano, J. (2019). Spatial typology for targeted food and nutrition security interventions. World Development, 120, 62–75.
32.  Mathenge, M., Sonneveld, B.G.J.S. & Broerse, J.E.W. (2019). Mapping the spatial dimension of food insecurity using GIS-based indicators: A case of Western Kenya. Food Security, 15(1), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01312-2.
33.  Nahid, S., Lashgarara, F., Hosseini, S.J.F., Mirdamadi, S.M. & Rezaei-Moghaddam, K. (2021). Determining the resilience of rural households to food insecurity during drought conditions in Fars province, Iran. Sustainability, 13(15), 8384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158384.
34.  Pakravan, M.R., Hosseini, S.S., Salami, H. & Yazdani, S. (2016). Identifying factors affecting food security of urban and rural households in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 46(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2015.56577 [In Persian]
35.  Practical, G. (2008). An introduction to the basic concepts of food security. food and agriculture organization of the united nations. https://www.fao.org/3/al936e/al936e.pdf.
36.  Rostami, F., Shahmoradi, M. & Baghaei, S. (2014). Investigating factors affecting food security of rural households (Case study: Karnachi village, Kermanshah County). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 45(4), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2015.20876 [In Persian]
37.  Schipanski, M.E., MacDonald, G.K., Rosenzweig, S., Chappell, M.J., Bennett, E.M., Kerr, R.B., et al. (2016). Realizing resilient food systems. BioScience, 66(7), 600–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw052.
38.  Schmidhuber, J., & Tubiello, F.N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19703–19708. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701976104.
39.  Sileshi, M., Kadigi, R., Mutabazi, K. & Sieber, S. (2019). Analysis of households’ vulnerability to food insecurity and its influencing factors in East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40873-019-00101-4.
40.  Smith, L.C., & Frankenberger, T.R. (2018). Does resilience capacity reduce the negative impact of shocks on household food security? Evidence from the 2014 floods in Northern Bangladesh. World Development, 102, 108–123.
41.  Statistical Center of Iran (2019). General Census of Population and Housing 2016. https://www.amar.org.ir. [In Persian]
42.  Tavasol, N., Poursaeed, A., Eshraghi Samani, R., Vahedi, M. & Naseri, B. (2025). Comparative analysis of water security in Kermanshah Province cities, Iran. Water Supply, 25(1), 139-153.‏
43.  Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R. & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and society, 9(2).‏
44.  Wei, J., & Lin, X. (2008). The Multiple Attribute Decision-Making VIKOR Method and Its Application. 2008 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 123–128.
45.  Yavari, J., & Athari, Z. (2023). Analysis of food security challenges among rural households (Case study: Haft Ashiyan Rural District, Kermanshah County). Rural Development Strategies, 10(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.22048/rdsj.2023.355281.2044[In Persian]
46.  Zurek, M., Ingram, J., Sanderson Bellamy, A., Goold, C., Lyon, C., Alexander, P., ... & Barnes, C. (2022). Food system resilience: Concepts, issues, and challenges. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environment.112320-043330.