ارزیابی اثرات گردشگری پایدار بر کاهش فقر روستایی (مطالعه موردی: روستاهای هدف گردشگری شهرستان اردل)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه گردشگری از بخش‌های مهم در فعالیت‌های اقتصادی به شمار می‌رود و همواره از دیدگاه‌های گوناگون مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد. اهمیت رو به رشد صنعت گردشگری در کشورهای در حال ‌توسعه بیشتر مرتبط با نقشی است که این صنعت می‌تواند در دستیابی به اهداف توسعه هزاره سوم به‌خصوص در ایجاد فرصت‌های شغلی، کاهش فقر و توجه به پایداری محیط‌ زیست ایجاد کند. همچنین گردشگری با ایجاد درآمد و رشد اقتصادی می‌تواند منجر به بهبود سطح زندگی و کاهش فقر در ابعاد مختلف شود. در تحقیق حاضر به الگو‌سازی اثرات گردشگری پایدار در کاهش فقر خانوارهای روستایی پرداخته ‌شده است. تحقیق حاضر از نوع کاربردی و ماهیت توصیفی-­تحلیلی است که در سال 1398 انجام شد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی (پرسشنامه) و روش تجزیه‌ و تحلیل به‌صورت کمی، آمار توصیفی (میانگین، توزیع فراوانی و انحراف معیار) و آمار استنباطی (آزمون  tدوگروهی، تحلیل تشخیصی و رگرسیون لجستیک) است. برای محاسبه میزان فقر از روش استاندارد کالری استفاده ‌شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، خانوارهای ده روستای هدف گردشگری شهرستان اردل است. برای محاسبه حجم نمونه از فرمول کوکران استفاده شد که تعداد 310 خانوار به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد، 7/31 درصد خانوارها دچار فقر و 3/68 درصد نیز در فقر نبوده­اند. ضرایب استاندارد شده تابع تشخیصی کانونی و ضرایب ماتریس ساختار نشان دادند به ترتیب ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی بیشترین نقش را در تمییز خانوارهای فقیر و غیر فقیر ایفا می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the Effects of Sustainable Tourism on Reducing Rural Poverty Case Study: Target Villages for Tourism in Ardel Township

نویسندگان [English]

  • z. Eskandari Shahraki 1
  • B. Mohammadi Yeghaneh 2
  • M. Cheraghi 3
  • J. Einali 2
2 Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Zanjan University,
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Zanjan University
چکیده [English]

Introduction
In order to alleviate poverty and reduce migration, create social welfare, preserve the characteristics of traditional culture, preserve the traditional fabric, and create job opportunities, sustainable tourism is considered a basic and necessary element in rural areas. In general, tourism contributes to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas; therefore, this industry can be introduced as the most important strategy for rapid employment generation in some areas. Consequently, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a solution to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been noticed by policymakers. Currently, the main emphasis to achieve poverty is focused on the role and impact of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism plays a fundamental role in the poverty of rural households by increasing economic growth and maintaining and increasing food production, creating intergenerational justice, and maintaining basic production resources. In this regard, in the present research, modeling of the effects of sustainable tourism in the poverty of rural households and answering the following questions are discussed:
1- What is the level of poverty in the villages of the study area?
2- Which dimension of sustainable rural tourism is the most important factor affecting poverty in the studied area?
Materials and Methods
The statistical population of the current research consists of households of tourism target villages, rural managers of Ardel city, experts and elites. According to the announcement of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Ardel city has 10 tourism target villages, and this research was conducted in the period of December to February of 2018. Ten villages targeted for tourism have 3038 households and 11174 people. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire of 310 households was calculated. Based on the nature and method of data collection, the current research is a descriptive-survey research (questionnaire), the design of the questionnaire indicators has been done using the theoretical research literature, the review of relevant research and interviews with experts and managers, and the type of questions is based on the Likert scale. 5 spectrums were categorized from very low (1) to very high (5). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistic regression and independent t-test) were used to analyze the data. Logistic regression is a statistical technique to show the effect of quantitative variables on a bivariate dependent variable. Logistic regression analysis is similar to linear regression analysis, but with the difference that in logistic regression, the dependent variable is a bivariate variable.
Results and Discussion
Findings show that 31.7% of households are in poverty and 68.3% are in the non-poor group. Based on the logistic regression model, the predictability of the model has been discussed. Based on this, the results show that in the first stage, where only the social dimension of sustainable tourism is included, the accuracy of classification of people by the model is equal to 68%, that is, in this stage, 95 households are correctly classified as poor and 207 households are correctly classified as non-poor; while 3 households are wrongly called poor and 4 households are also wrongly classified as non-poor. In the second stage, with the introduction of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the resolution of the model increased to 79%, but in the third stage, with the introduction of the physical dimension of sustainable tourism, there was no change in the resolution. Also, the results show that the discrimination power of the model for non-poor strata is higher than for poor groups, so that in the fourth step and with the inclusion of all four dimensions of sustainable development, the discrimination power for non-poor households is equal to 91.6%. According to this relationship, the economic dimension of sustainable development has the greatest impact and the environmental dimension has the least impact; therefore, in the final result, it can be said that within the scope of the study, the indicators of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the most important of which are the diversity of economic activities, the amount of income, access to financial credits, etc., are effective in reducing the poverty of rural households.
Conclusions
According to the results, to deal with rural poverty, due to the limited facilities and the extent of the rural community, and also to ensure the success in reducing poverty, the economic diversification programs such as the expansion of tourism can be used. Also, considering the two-way relationship between tourism development and increasing investment in villages, it is very important to create incentive mechanisms for investment according to the potential of the studied villages; Also, national, regional and local governments should consider tourism as one of the strategic pillars of rural development policies to understand the role that this area can play as part of a diverse rural economy and implement active policies to promote it; National, regional and local governments should fully integrate tourism into their development plans. Factors that should be considered include the territorial identity and specific characteristics of rural destinations, as well as policies for distributing tourism benefits throughout the country and turning tourism into an effective tool for comprehensive, resilient and sustainable development for rural areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rural Poverty
  • Sustainable Tourism
  • Rural Household
  • Ardel Township

مراجع

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38.              Sachs, J. (2005). The end of poverty: Economic possibilities for our time. International Journal ,60(3), 849-861.
39.              Salvatore R., Chiodo, E. & Fantini, A .(2018). Tourism transition in peripheral rural areas: Theories, issues and strategies. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(68), 41–51.
40.              Sen, A. (1981), Poverty and famines, an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
41.              Sharpley, R. (2002). Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: The case of Cyprus. Tourism management, 23(3), 233-244.
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45.              Townsend, P. (1985). A sociological approach to measurement of poverty: A rejoinder to professor Amartya Sen, Oxford Economic Papers, 37(2), 14-24.
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1.    Atkinson, A.B. (1987). On the measurement of poverty. Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(4), 749-764. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911028.
2.    Bazgă, B. (2015). Food security component of sustainable development–prospects and challenges in the next decade. Procedia Economics and Finance. 32(8), 1075-1082.
3.    Beheshti, M.B., Mohammadzadeh, P. & ghasemloo, K. (2017). The impact of tourism development on income inequality in Iranian provinces. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 6(22), 8-29. [In Persian] doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2017.1703.
4.    Bosshagh, M.R., Taghdisi, A. & Taghvaie, M. (2015). A model for explaining the poverty in rural areas (Case study: Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4(3), 111-126. [In Persian]
5.    Byrd, E.T., Bosley, H.E. & Dronberger, M.G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30(5), 693-703.
6.    Carter, M.R. & Barrett, C.B. (2006). The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset-based approach. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 178-199.
7.    Chambers, R. (1988). Poverty in India: Concepts, research and reality. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
8.    Charaghi, M., Mohammadi Yeganeh, B. & Musavi Zare, S.S. (2018). The role of non-farm activities on the food security of rural households Case study: Fazl rural district, Nishabour city. Rural Development Strategies, 5(1), 51-66. doi: 10.22048/rdsj.2018.53551.154. [In Persian]
9.    Choi, H.C. & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1274-1289.
10.              Conroay, C. & Litvinoff, M. (1988). The greening of aid: Sustainable livelihoods in practice. Earthscan, 1(4), 323-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400010408.
11.              Dercon, S. & Krishnan, P. (1998). Changes in poverty in rural Ethiopia 1989-1995: Measurement, robustness tests and decomposition. CES-Discussion Paper Series, 27(6), 81-98.
12.              DFID. (1999). Sustainable tourism and poverty elimination study. Report for Department for International Development by Deloitte & Touche, IIED and ODI.
13.              Djekic, S. & Vucic, S. (2007). Some structures and principles of sustainable rural tourism. Списание "Диалог, 4(5), 125-132.
14.              Duclos, J.Y., Sahn, D. & Younger, S. (2006). Robust multidimensional spatial poverty comparisons in Ghana, Madagascar, and Uganda. The World Bank Economic Review, 20(1), 91-113.
15.              Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford; NewYork, NY: Oxford University Pres.
16.              Essex, J. (2010). Sustainability, food security, and development aid after the food crisis: Assessing aid strategies across donor contexts. Sustainability, 2(11), 3354-3382.
17.              Feleke, S.T., Kilmer, R.L. & Gladwin, C.H. (2005). Determinants of food security in southern Ethiopia at the household level. Agricultural Economics, 33(3), 351-363.
18.              Foresight, U. (2011). The future of food and farming. Final project report. The Government Office for Science, London.
19.              Frongillo, E.A. & Nanama, S. (2006). Development and validation of an experience-based measure of household food insecurity within and across seasons in northern Burkina Faso. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(5), 1409-1419.
20.              Ghadiri Masoum, M., Cheraghi, M. & Rezvani, M.R.(2016). The effects of economic rural-urban relations on food security of rural households Case study: Zanjan county. Space Economics and Rural Development, 4(14), 69-85. [In Persian]
21.              Hansen, J., Helin, J., Rosenstock, T., Fisher, E., Cairns, J., Stirling, C., Lamanna, Ch., Etten, J.C., Rose, A. & Campbell, B. (2019). "Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction. Agricultural Systems, 12(172), 28-46.
22.              Jomepour, M. & kiyumars, N. (2012). Investigation of tourism impact on the livelihood activities and assets of rural households, (Case study: Zeeyarat village in Gorgan county). Tourism Management Studies, 7(17), 87-119. [In Persian]
23.              Leon, Y.M. (2004). Community impacts of coastal tourism in the Dominican Republic. Open Access Dissertations. Paper 1299.
24.              Lin, J.Y. & Liu, P. (2008). Economic development strategy, openness and rural poverty: A framework and China’s experiences. Globalization and the Poor in Asia, 4(8), 135-168.
25.              Lipton, M. & Ravallion, M. (1995). Poverty and policy. Handbook of Development Economics, 3(2), 2551-2657.
26.              Lo, K., Li, J., Wang, M.Y. & Li, C. (2018). A comparative analysis of participating and non-participating households in pro-poor tourism in southern Shaanxi, China. Tourism, Planning and Development, 16(1),1-16.
27.              Lor, J.J., Kwa. Sh. & Donaldson, J.A. (2019). Making ethnic tourism good for the poor, Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 140-152.
28.              Lotze-Campen, H., Popp, A., Beringer, T., Müller, Ch., Bondeau, A., Rost, S. & Lucht, W. (2010). Scenarios of global bioenergy production: The trade-offs between agricultural expansion, intensification and trade, Ecological Modelling, 221(18), 2188-2196.
29.              Lv, Zh. (2019). Deepening or lessening? The effects of tourism on regional inequality, Tourism Management, 72(1), 23-26.
30.              Mahdavi, M., Ghadiri Masoum, M. & Ghahremani, N. (2018). Impacts of tourism on rural development: Attitudes of rural people in Kan vally and Sooleghan subdistrict in Tehran county. Village and Development, 11(2), 39-60. [In Persian]
31.              Mengistu, E., Regassa, N. & Yusufe, A. (2009). The levels, determinants and coping mechanisms of food insecure households in southern Ethiopia. DCG Report no 55.
32.              Mohammadi S., Talaati, M., Asadi S. & Manoochehri, S. (2018). Analyzing of the impact of tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural residents (Case study: Uraman village of Sarvabad city). GeoRes, 33(1), 191-208.
33.              Mousavi, M.H., Sadat Asl, Z. & Sadat Asl. L. (2018). Distribution of rural tourism income between key sectors of the economy. Tourism Management Studies, 13(41), 137-156. [In Persian] doi: 10.22054/tms.2018.12786.1352.
34.              Movahedi, R., Sepahvand, F. & Rahimian, M. (2021). Identifying development strategies for sustainable rural tourism capabilities (Case studied: Rural of Khorramabad town). Tourism Management Studies, 16(55), 233-256. [In Persian] doi: 10.22054/tms.2021.28262.1809.
35.              Najafi, B. & Shushtarian, A. (2007). Estimating the poverty line, poverty size and its determinants in Iran's rural and urban households. Agricultural Economics and Development, 15(59), 1-24. [In Persian]
36.              OECD. (2001). Strategies for sustainable development: Practical guidance for development co-operation.
37.              Rajabnejad Sheikhani, S., Ahmadian, M., Jafari, H. & Jahani, M. (2019). Survey of tourism in sustainable economic development in sustainable rural development, focusing on economic dimensions, case study: Fouman county. Watershed Engineering and Management, 11(3), 784-797. [In Persian] doi: 10.22092/ijwmse.2018.121083.1458
38.              Sachs, J. (2005). The end of poverty: Economic possibilities for our time. International Journal ,60(3), 849-861.
39.              Salvatore R., Chiodo, E. & Fantini, A .(2018). Tourism transition in peripheral rural areas: Theories, issues and strategies. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(68), 41–51.
40.              Sen, A. (1981), Poverty and famines, an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
41.              Sharpley, R. (2002). Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: The case of Cyprus. Tourism management, 23(3), 233-244.
42.              Sojasi Qeidari, H., Rumiani, A. & Jafari, N. (2014). Evaluation of rural tourism destinations sustainability from the perspective of local communities. Spatial Planning, 4(1), 103-126. [In Persian]
43.              Srinivasan, T.N. (2000). Poverty and undernutrition in South Asia. Food Policy, 25(3), 269-282.
44.              Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. (2012). Economic Development (11th Edition). The Pearson Series in Economics - Prentice Hall.
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46.              Webb, P., Coates, J., Frongillo, E.A., Rogers, B.L., Swindale, A. & Bilinsky, P. (2006). Measuring household food insecurity: Why it's so important and yet so difficult to do. J Nutr. 136(5), 1404-1408. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1404S. PMID: 16614437.
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