Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Examining the Factors Affecting Attitudes towards Multiple Children among Women and Men in Rural Sistan Examining the Factors Affecting Attitudes towards Multiple Children among Women and Men in Rural Sistan 1 20 132190 10.30490/rvt.2025.367309.1632 FA M. Mohammadghasemi Corresponding Author and Assistant Professor of Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Zabol, Iran M. Palouj Associate Professor, Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI), Tehran, Iran M. Naderianfar Ph.D Rural Planning, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 03 Abstract Introduction The declining fertility rate in Iran poses a significant demographic challenge. Understanding fertility patterns in different regions, particularly rural areas like Sistan, can shed light on the factors influencing this trend. This study aims to analyze the socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing family size and migration in rural Sistan. Data was collected through questionnaires and direct observation from 105 randomly selected women and men aged 18-65 in Sistan villages in 2023. Statistical analysis using logistic regression models revealed that higher income levels and male employment were associated with a higher number of children. Religious beliefs and practices also played a significant role in fertility decisions, while age and female employment were negative predictors for having more children. Materials and Methods This descriptive study collected data through questionnaires covering economic and sociocultural dimensions. Results and Discussion The study investigated the relationship between income levels, male and female employment, and fertility rates in rural Sistan. The findings highlighted the complex interplay between these factors and their impact on population trends. Conclusions The analysis showed a positive correlation between income levels, male employment, and fertility rates. Religious beliefs and practices were also influential in family size decisions. However, women's age and employment were negatively correlated with having more children. Addressing these factors is crucial to prevent population decline and sustain rural communities in Sistan. Abstract Introduction The declining fertility rate in Iran poses a significant demographic challenge. Understanding fertility patterns in different regions, particularly rural areas like Sistan, can shed light on the factors influencing this trend. This study aims to analyze the socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing family size and migration in rural Sistan. Data was collected through questionnaires and direct observation from 105 randomly selected women and men aged 18-65 in Sistan villages in 2023. Statistical analysis using logistic regression models revealed that higher income levels and male employment were associated with a higher number of children. Religious beliefs and practices also played a significant role in fertility decisions, while age and female employment were negative predictors for having more children. Materials and Methods This descriptive study collected data through questionnaires covering economic and sociocultural dimensions. Results and Discussion The study investigated the relationship between income levels, male and female employment, and fertility rates in rural Sistan. The findings highlighted the complex interplay between these factors and their impact on population trends. Conclusions The analysis showed a positive correlation between income levels, male employment, and fertility rates. Religious beliefs and practices were also influential in family size decisions. However, women's age and employment were negatively correlated with having more children. Addressing these factors is crucial to prevent population decline and sustain rural communities in Sistan.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132190_7883ee3eaae2245816e758e1257d4e51.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Analysis of Rural Women’s Attitudes towards the Development of Livestock Activities (Case Study: Koot Abdollah District, Karun County) Analysis of Rural Women’s Attitudes towards the Development of Livestock Activities (Case Study: Koot Abdollah District, Karun County) 21 44 132243 10.30490/rvt.2025.367384.1648 FA Z. Soltani Corresponding Author ana Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-5876-0473 M. Goodarzi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-7982-8027 B. Bani Na'am MA Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 04 Abstract <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Introduction <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rural women and men, depending on their region and expertise in various livestock farming practices, often possess specialized knowledge about different aspects of animal husbandry. However, women's access to adequate knowledge, improved technologies, financial services, and other social services remains a significant challenge. The livestock sector is predominantly growing, with small-scale production systems contributing to livelihood development and increasing GDP. Women, as the primary users of local livestock breeds, play a central role in managing animal resources, and therefore, the conservation of these resources is closely linked to them. Despite their fundamental role in managing livestock assets, women typically have limited access to markets and play a restricted role in the commercialization of livestock and livestock products. Moreover, they have minimal access to technologies, training, and extension services. In many rural areas where strict cultural and social norms prevail, women are often excluded from the decision-making process. Another major challenge is their limited access to financial services, which is influenced by various factors. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In some communities, women keep livestock for non-productive purposes, mainly due to cultural expectations, whereas in others, livestock is used for food security, safety, and income generation—reasons that are more production-oriented. However, non-productive reasons often outweigh the productive ones, posing a challenge to the development of the livestock sector. Materials and Methods <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. Data collection was conducted using both documentary and field methods. The research tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose validity was refined, confirmed, and completed through expert opinions from professors and specialists in the field. To determine reliability, a sample of 30 questionnaires was tested, and composite indices of attitude were evaluated. The questionnaire was designed in three sections: perception, awareness, and attitude, to measure attitudes. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated for each section, yielding values of 0.67 for perception, 0.71 for awareness, and 0.74 for attitude, indicating the suitability of the composite indices. The questionnaire was designed based on a Likert scale, and reverse-scored questions were adjusted during data analysis. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The statistical population of this research included all women engaged in livestock farming in Karun County. Initially, preliminary statistics for each village were obtained through the Karun County Agricultural Jihad Organization, from which the number of livestock-owning households was calculated and their distribution across villages assessed. From a total of 1,003 livestock-keeping individuals, a sample size of 278 was determined using Cochran’s formula. Due to the vastness of the study area, participants were randomly selected from 16 villages across different rural districts. One or two individuals (mother, daughter-in-law, or daughter of the household) were selected from each household. Data analysis was conducted using mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and regression techniques in SPSS 26. Results and Discussion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The results indicate that approximately 67% of rural women in Karun County have a positive attitude toward livestock activities, while the rest are either indifferent or, in rare cases, hold a negative or entirely negative view of livestock farming. The findings suggest that women have a high level of perception regarding livestock activities and their necessity, as well as the lack of resources and training, even though they may not possess sufficient knowledge and awareness in these areas. Notably, women's perception of livestock farming ranked as the top priority within their attitude. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Despite their own experiences in livestock farming, rural women welcomed modern training programs, the enhancement of livestock farming activities through new and suitable facilities, and access to appropriate spaces for animal husbandry. The research findings revealed that, in some cases, women had taken personal initiatives in this regard but did not consider them sufficient. Additionally, the results highlighted a strong interest among rural women in receiving livestock farming training, yet no organization had undertaken any measures to provide such education. Pearson correlation results indicate that the lack of appropriate actions by relevant organizations and institutions could negatively impact women's attitudes toward livestock farming. In the section addressing independent variables related to women's attitudes, factors such as limited resources, inadequate training, and other constraints (such as separating livestock living spaces from human residences) were identified as key contributors to declining hygiene levels and increased health risks for women in livestock farming. Rural women believed that appropriate spaces and facilities could positively influence the attitudes of livestock farmers in general and female livestock farmers in particular. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Furthermore, rural women’s attitude toward the social status of livestock farming as a profession was not positive from a societal perspective. Despite their favorable view of livestock farming as an occupation, most women actively engaged in this field believed that livestock farming does not hold an acceptable social status within the community and has not received the level of public respect it deserves. Conclusions Livestock farming, like many other activities, has not been and will not be free from challenges and difficulties. The accumulation of these challenges can undoubtedly be among the reasons for the declining interest and motivation of livestock farmers in general and female livestock farmers in particular. In Karun County, where livestock farming is primarily practiced for subsistence, professional livestock farmers who lack land have no other means of livelihood besides this activity. Therefore, it is essential to take measures to prevent a decline in motivation and to improve livestock farmers' perception of this profession. Abstract <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Introduction <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rural women and men, depending on their region and expertise in various livestock farming practices, often possess specialized knowledge about different aspects of animal husbandry. However, women's access to adequate knowledge, improved technologies, financial services, and other social services remains a significant challenge. The livestock sector is predominantly growing, with small-scale production systems contributing to livelihood development and increasing GDP. Women, as the primary users of local livestock breeds, play a central role in managing animal resources, and therefore, the conservation of these resources is closely linked to them. Despite their fundamental role in managing livestock assets, women typically have limited access to markets and play a restricted role in the commercialization of livestock and livestock products. Moreover, they have minimal access to technologies, training, and extension services. In many rural areas where strict cultural and social norms prevail, women are often excluded from the decision-making process. Another major challenge is their limited access to financial services, which is influenced by various factors. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In some communities, women keep livestock for non-productive purposes, mainly due to cultural expectations, whereas in others, livestock is used for food security, safety, and income generation—reasons that are more production-oriented. However, non-productive reasons often outweigh the productive ones, posing a challenge to the development of the livestock sector. Materials and Methods <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. Data collection was conducted using both documentary and field methods. The research tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose validity was refined, confirmed, and completed through expert opinions from professors and specialists in the field. To determine reliability, a sample of 30 questionnaires was tested, and composite indices of attitude were evaluated. The questionnaire was designed in three sections: perception, awareness, and attitude, to measure attitudes. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated for each section, yielding values of 0.67 for perception, 0.71 for awareness, and 0.74 for attitude, indicating the suitability of the composite indices. The questionnaire was designed based on a Likert scale, and reverse-scored questions were adjusted during data analysis. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The statistical population of this research included all women engaged in livestock farming in Karun County. Initially, preliminary statistics for each village were obtained through the Karun County Agricultural Jihad Organization, from which the number of livestock-owning households was calculated and their distribution across villages assessed. From a total of 1,003 livestock-keeping individuals, a sample size of 278 was determined using Cochran’s formula. Due to the vastness of the study area, participants were randomly selected from 16 villages across different rural districts. One or two individuals (mother, daughter-in-law, or daughter of the household) were selected from each household. Data analysis was conducted using mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and regression techniques in SPSS 26. Results and Discussion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The results indicate that approximately 67% of rural women in Karun County have a positive attitude toward livestock activities, while the rest are either indifferent or, in rare cases, hold a negative or entirely negative view of livestock farming. The findings suggest that women have a high level of perception regarding livestock activities and their necessity, as well as the lack of resources and training, even though they may not possess sufficient knowledge and awareness in these areas. Notably, women's perception of livestock farming ranked as the top priority within their attitude. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Despite their own experiences in livestock farming, rural women welcomed modern training programs, the enhancement of livestock farming activities through new and suitable facilities, and access to appropriate spaces for animal husbandry. The research findings revealed that, in some cases, women had taken personal initiatives in this regard but did not consider them sufficient. Additionally, the results highlighted a strong interest among rural women in receiving livestock farming training, yet no organization had undertaken any measures to provide such education. Pearson correlation results indicate that the lack of appropriate actions by relevant organizations and institutions could negatively impact women's attitudes toward livestock farming. In the section addressing independent variables related to women's attitudes, factors such as limited resources, inadequate training, and other constraints (such as separating livestock living spaces from human residences) were identified as key contributors to declining hygiene levels and increased health risks for women in livestock farming. Rural women believed that appropriate spaces and facilities could positively influence the attitudes of livestock farmers in general and female livestock farmers in particular. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Furthermore, rural women’s attitude toward the social status of livestock farming as a profession was not positive from a societal perspective. Despite their favorable view of livestock farming as an occupation, most women actively engaged in this field believed that livestock farming does not hold an acceptable social status within the community and has not received the level of public respect it deserves. Conclusions Livestock farming, like many other activities, has not been and will not be free from challenges and difficulties. The accumulation of these challenges can undoubtedly be among the reasons for the declining interest and motivation of livestock farmers in general and female livestock farmers in particular. In Karun County, where livestock farming is primarily practiced for subsistence, professional livestock farmers who lack land have no other means of livelihood besides this activity. Therefore, it is essential to take measures to prevent a decline in motivation and to improve livestock farmers' perception of this profession.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132243_e99687e0fd1a8b0023b6e77497eb8309.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Investigating the Impact of Farmers' Empowerment on Sustainable Water Resource Management in Khorramabad County Investigating the Impact of Farmers' Empowerment on Sustainable Water Resource Management in Khorramabad County 45 70 132244 10.30490/rvt.2025.367383.1647 FA Z. Farashi Corresponding Author and Ph.D Student of Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0009-0009-2734-080X M. Mirdrikvand Ph.D Student in Plant Pathology, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran 0000-0003-3070-137X Journal Article 2025 02 04 Abstract Introduction Water scarcity has emerged as one of the most critical global challenges, threatening food security, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem balance. In this context, empowering farmers presents itself as a comprehensive and sustainable solution that can enable optimal water resource management by strengthening five key dimensions:<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; background: white;"> economic, social, political, educational-extension, and agricultural factors. Materials and Methods This research was conducted during the 2023-2024 agricultural year in Khorramabad County. Khorramabad, the capital of Lorestan Province, is geographically located at 48.33°N latitude and 35.48°E longitude. Despite being ranked as Iran's fourth rainiest province after the three northern provinces, with an average annual precipitation of 580 mm compared to the national average of 252 mm, Lorestan paradoxically faces seasonal water shortages while accounting for 12% of the country's total surface water resources.Methodologically, this applied research adopts a non-experimental, descriptive-correlational design. Data collection was performed using a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by agricultural experts. Reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha yielded satisfactory coefficients of 0.80 for water management dimensions and 0.75 for empowerment scales, indicating robust measurement tool consistency. The study employed a multi-stage sampling approach: First, cluster random sampling divided the 12,500 farmers population into geographically homogeneous clusters (based on village divisions), with 10 clusters randomly selected. From each cluster, 32 farmers were chosen through simple random sampling (total n=320). Subsequently, systematic random sampling with interval k=2 refined the sample to 175 participants. This sample size was determined using Cochran's formula (95% confidence level, 5% margin of error) as statistically adequate for the target population. Results and Discussion Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between empowerment indicators and sustainable water management, demonstrating that enhancing farmers' empowerment contributes to improved water stewardship. Regression analysis confirmed each empowerment dimension significantly influences water management outcomes. Technical training enables farmers to better understand crop water needs and adopt advanced irrigation methods like drip and smart irrigation systems, while tailored educational programs at various levels enhance water management knowledge-particularly crucial in water-scarce regions. Extension services combining theory and practice effectively promote water conservation. Economic factors critically influence water use decisions, as financial constraints often drive unsustainable practices like groundwater over-extraction and traditional irrigation methods. Despite recognizing water-saving benefits, 65% of farmers cannot afford modern irrigation systems. The political dimension equally shapes water management through policies, regulations, and institutional stability, requiring adaptive governance structures. The study identified trust in institutions (β=0.42) and perceived impact (β=0.39) as the most influential empowerment indicators, increasing participation by 55% and conservation by 28% respectively when strengthened. Conclusions <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Given the challenges in water resource management and climate crises, empowering farmers to utilize water resources efficiently is of paramount importance. The proposed recommendations, based on scientific research and global experiences, can offer solutions to improve agricultural water resources and assist farmers in sustainable water use. Achieving this goal requires continuous collaboration among farmers, the government, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, for favorable outcomes in sustainable water resource management, these recommendations must be implemented simultaneously and on a large scale across all sectors of the country. Considering the geographical, climatic, and social characteristics of each region, management and support strategies should be designed to address the needs of local farmers. Ultimately, achieving sustainable water resource management necessitates enhancing collective participation among farmers, promoting modern technologies, and monitoring resource consumption. In this regard, special attention to technical training and advisory services, supported by economic and political measures for farmers, can lay the foundation for sustainable agricultural development and the protection of the country's water resources. This approach will not only help preserve natural resources and combat water crises but also enhance agricultural productivity, reduce operational costs, and improve the economic conditions of farmers. Additionally, considering the country's climatic and geographical conditions, indigenous and local models for water resource management and optimal utilization can also be employed. Abstract Introduction Water scarcity has emerged as one of the most critical global challenges, threatening food security, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem balance. In this context, empowering farmers presents itself as a comprehensive and sustainable solution that can enable optimal water resource management by strengthening five key dimensions:<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; background: white;"> economic, social, political, educational-extension, and agricultural factors. Materials and Methods This research was conducted during the 2023-2024 agricultural year in Khorramabad County. Khorramabad, the capital of Lorestan Province, is geographically located at 48.33°N latitude and 35.48°E longitude. Despite being ranked as Iran's fourth rainiest province after the three northern provinces, with an average annual precipitation of 580 mm compared to the national average of 252 mm, Lorestan paradoxically faces seasonal water shortages while accounting for 12% of the country's total surface water resources.Methodologically, this applied research adopts a non-experimental, descriptive-correlational design. Data collection was performed using a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by agricultural experts. Reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha yielded satisfactory coefficients of 0.80 for water management dimensions and 0.75 for empowerment scales, indicating robust measurement tool consistency. The study employed a multi-stage sampling approach: First, cluster random sampling divided the 12,500 farmers population into geographically homogeneous clusters (based on village divisions), with 10 clusters randomly selected. From each cluster, 32 farmers were chosen through simple random sampling (total n=320). Subsequently, systematic random sampling with interval k=2 refined the sample to 175 participants. This sample size was determined using Cochran's formula (95% confidence level, 5% margin of error) as statistically adequate for the target population. Results and Discussion Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between empowerment indicators and sustainable water management, demonstrating that enhancing farmers' empowerment contributes to improved water stewardship. Regression analysis confirmed each empowerment dimension significantly influences water management outcomes. Technical training enables farmers to better understand crop water needs and adopt advanced irrigation methods like drip and smart irrigation systems, while tailored educational programs at various levels enhance water management knowledge-particularly crucial in water-scarce regions. Extension services combining theory and practice effectively promote water conservation. Economic factors critically influence water use decisions, as financial constraints often drive unsustainable practices like groundwater over-extraction and traditional irrigation methods. Despite recognizing water-saving benefits, 65% of farmers cannot afford modern irrigation systems. The political dimension equally shapes water management through policies, regulations, and institutional stability, requiring adaptive governance structures. The study identified trust in institutions (β=0.42) and perceived impact (β=0.39) as the most influential empowerment indicators, increasing participation by 55% and conservation by 28% respectively when strengthened. Conclusions <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Given the challenges in water resource management and climate crises, empowering farmers to utilize water resources efficiently is of paramount importance. The proposed recommendations, based on scientific research and global experiences, can offer solutions to improve agricultural water resources and assist farmers in sustainable water use. Achieving this goal requires continuous collaboration among farmers, the government, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, for favorable outcomes in sustainable water resource management, these recommendations must be implemented simultaneously and on a large scale across all sectors of the country. Considering the geographical, climatic, and social characteristics of each region, management and support strategies should be designed to address the needs of local farmers. Ultimately, achieving sustainable water resource management necessitates enhancing collective participation among farmers, promoting modern technologies, and monitoring resource consumption. In this regard, special attention to technical training and advisory services, supported by economic and political measures for farmers, can lay the foundation for sustainable agricultural development and the protection of the country's water resources. This approach will not only help preserve natural resources and combat water crises but also enhance agricultural productivity, reduce operational costs, and improve the economic conditions of farmers. Additionally, considering the country's climatic and geographical conditions, indigenous and local models for water resource management and optimal utilization can also be employed.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132244_3e2c6e4682db79a62ceae8f451fa08b0.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Factors Affecting the Adoption of Medicinal Plant with Emphasis on Educational, Extension, and Environmental Criteria in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Homayjan District, Fars Province, Iran Factors Affecting the Adoption of Medicinal Plant with Emphasis on Educational, Extension, and Environmental Criteria in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Homayjan District, Fars Province, Iran 71 102 132245 10.30490/rvt.2025.367461.1675 FA E. Rasti Graduated Student in Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0009-0009-0185-3156 A. Karami Corresponding Author and Professor, Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0001-5285-0785 M. Nooripoor Professor, Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0003-0315-2141 M. Bagheri Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics & Development, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1248-3401 Journal Article 2025 07 05 Abstract Introduction In recent years, the role of rural areas in development has evolved, especially in developing countries. Rural regions are no longer seen merely as agricultural production sites but as key drivers for economic diversification, poverty reduction, and sustainable livelihoods. Among various strategies, the cultivation of high-value crops-particularly medicinal plants-has emerged as a viable approach to enhance rural resilience and income generation. Medicinal plants contribute significantly to global health, economies, and biodiversity, with the global market value projected to exceed $450 billion by 2025. In Iran, despite the presence of over 2,400 medicinal plant species and a long history of traditional medicine, this sector remains underdeveloped, often limited to low-scale processing and raw product sales. Homaijan district in Fars province, with its favorable climate and diversity of plant species, offers strong potential for medicinal plant cultivation. However, farmers’ adoption of these crops remains uneven due to varying socio-economic, institutional, and behavioral factors. Previous research highlights the importance of training, market access, and supportive policies in fostering adoption, yet region-specific insights are still scarce. This study aims to analyze the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of medicinal plant cultivation in Homaijan using a descriptive-applied approach. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior and Diffusion of Innovations, the research employs the logit model to assess binary adoption behavior based on data from local agricultural stakeholders. The findings are expected to fill regional knowledge gaps and inform targeted interventions to promote sustainable cultivation, economic empowerment, and effective rural development strategies. Materials and Methods This study employed a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional design, conducted in the Homaijan district of Sepidan County, Fars Province, Iran. The region, situated between Shiraz and Ardakan, is characterized by a temperate climate, diverse agro-ecological features, and a mix of rain-fed and irrigated agricultural systems. Irrigation sources include rivers, wells, springs, and traditional qanats. The dominant occupations are farming and livestock breeding, with main crops including grapes, walnuts, almonds, wheat, and legumes. The target population consisted of all agricultural producers in Homaijan, totaling 3,759 individuals based on the latest statistics. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 150 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Ethical standards were observed throughout the study; informed consent was obtained from all participants, and data collection was approved by a relevant academic ethics committee. Data were collected using a structured, researcher-designed questionnaire with items rated on a five-point Likert scale. The content validity (face validity) of the instrument was assessed by a panel of experts in rural development, agricultural extension, and medicinal plant cultivation. To evaluate instrument reliability, a pilot test was conducted on a separate sample, yielding Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. The study employed a mixed-methods analytical framework, combining quantitative descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency were used to describe demographic and variable distributions. For inferential analysis, independent sample t-tests compared means between adopters and non-adopters, and binary logistic regression (logit model) was used to identify predictors of adoption. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26 and STATA version 15, enabling accurate modeling of both quantitative patterns and binary decision outcomes. Results and Discussion The study analyzed responses from 150 farmers in Homaijan district using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age of respondents was 53 years, and the average landholding size was 3.5 hectares. Over 90% of respondents were covered by agricultural insurance, suggesting a risk-mitigating factor for innovation adoption. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences between adopter and non-adopter groups across most behavioral and perceptual variables. Adopters scored significantly higher on all items of behavioral intention toward cultivating medicinal plants (p < 0.01), including willingness to follow expert advice and attend training programs. This supports the Theory of Planned Behavior, emphasizing the mediating role of intention in behavior change. For perceived expected performance, adopters reported higher income expectations, cost savings, and easier crop management. However, they did not expect higher physical yields compared to wheat, highlighting a distinction between economic and volumetric productivity. Among internal psychological traits, adopters demonstrated greater risk tolerance, higher awareness of medicinal plant benefits, and were more influenced by environmental stressors like drought (p < 0.01). In contrast, access to labor or familiarity with production stages did not significantly differ between groups. Social influence emerged as a key factor: adopters reported stronger encouragement from family, peers, and agricultural experts. The highest differential was observed in acting on advice from experienced farmers (t = -3.58, p = 0.01), underscoring the role of peer learning networks. The logit model identified six statistically significant predictors of adoption: farming experience (β = 0.06), smaller land size (β = -1.27), internal psychological traits (β = 1.07), social influence (β = 0.89), extension activities (β = 1.77), and behavioral intention (β = 1.44). The model explained 50% of the variance (Pseudo-R² = 0.50). Marginal effects showed that a one-unit increase in extension engagement raised the probability of adoption by 44%, while each hectare increase in land size reduced it by 32%. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of adoption behavior and the need for tailored, multi-dimensional interventions in rural innovation systems. Conclusions This study showed that the adoption of medicinal plant cultivation in Homaijan is shaped by a combination of individual, social, institutional, and experiential factors—beyond technical or economic considerations. Variables such as personal motivation, social influence, training activities, and farming experience significantly impacted farmers' willingness to adopt, emphasizing the importance of behavior, perception, and community dynamics. The findings align with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Diffusion of Innovations, highlighting the role of self-efficacy, social norms, and targeted extension. If validated elsewhere, these insights could inform broader strategies for promoting agricultural or environmental innovations. Practically, the study suggests that financial incentives alone are insufficient without fostering farmers’ intrinsic motivation and providing supportive learning environments. Supporting smallholders and promoting peer-led extension may further drive adoption. Nonetheless, unresolved issues remain—such as the roles of value chains, branding, and policy frameworks. Future research should address these gaps through localized, interdisciplinary approaches. Ultimately, medicinal plant cultivation can be a viable path to sustainable rural development—if supported by evidence-based, participatory, and socially rooted strategies. Abstract Introduction In recent years, the role of rural areas in development has evolved, especially in developing countries. Rural regions are no longer seen merely as agricultural production sites but as key drivers for economic diversification, poverty reduction, and sustainable livelihoods. Among various strategies, the cultivation of high-value crops-particularly medicinal plants-has emerged as a viable approach to enhance rural resilience and income generation. Medicinal plants contribute significantly to global health, economies, and biodiversity, with the global market value projected to exceed $450 billion by 2025. In Iran, despite the presence of over 2,400 medicinal plant species and a long history of traditional medicine, this sector remains underdeveloped, often limited to low-scale processing and raw product sales. Homaijan district in Fars province, with its favorable climate and diversity of plant species, offers strong potential for medicinal plant cultivation. However, farmers’ adoption of these crops remains uneven due to varying socio-economic, institutional, and behavioral factors. Previous research highlights the importance of training, market access, and supportive policies in fostering adoption, yet region-specific insights are still scarce. This study aims to analyze the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of medicinal plant cultivation in Homaijan using a descriptive-applied approach. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior and Diffusion of Innovations, the research employs the logit model to assess binary adoption behavior based on data from local agricultural stakeholders. The findings are expected to fill regional knowledge gaps and inform targeted interventions to promote sustainable cultivation, economic empowerment, and effective rural development strategies. Materials and Methods This study employed a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional design, conducted in the Homaijan district of Sepidan County, Fars Province, Iran. The region, situated between Shiraz and Ardakan, is characterized by a temperate climate, diverse agro-ecological features, and a mix of rain-fed and irrigated agricultural systems. Irrigation sources include rivers, wells, springs, and traditional qanats. The dominant occupations are farming and livestock breeding, with main crops including grapes, walnuts, almonds, wheat, and legumes. The target population consisted of all agricultural producers in Homaijan, totaling 3,759 individuals based on the latest statistics. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 150 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Ethical standards were observed throughout the study; informed consent was obtained from all participants, and data collection was approved by a relevant academic ethics committee. Data were collected using a structured, researcher-designed questionnaire with items rated on a five-point Likert scale. The content validity (face validity) of the instrument was assessed by a panel of experts in rural development, agricultural extension, and medicinal plant cultivation. To evaluate instrument reliability, a pilot test was conducted on a separate sample, yielding Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. The study employed a mixed-methods analytical framework, combining quantitative descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency were used to describe demographic and variable distributions. For inferential analysis, independent sample t-tests compared means between adopters and non-adopters, and binary logistic regression (logit model) was used to identify predictors of adoption. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26 and STATA version 15, enabling accurate modeling of both quantitative patterns and binary decision outcomes. Results and Discussion The study analyzed responses from 150 farmers in Homaijan district using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age of respondents was 53 years, and the average landholding size was 3.5 hectares. Over 90% of respondents were covered by agricultural insurance, suggesting a risk-mitigating factor for innovation adoption. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences between adopter and non-adopter groups across most behavioral and perceptual variables. Adopters scored significantly higher on all items of behavioral intention toward cultivating medicinal plants (p < 0.01), including willingness to follow expert advice and attend training programs. This supports the Theory of Planned Behavior, emphasizing the mediating role of intention in behavior change. For perceived expected performance, adopters reported higher income expectations, cost savings, and easier crop management. However, they did not expect higher physical yields compared to wheat, highlighting a distinction between economic and volumetric productivity. Among internal psychological traits, adopters demonstrated greater risk tolerance, higher awareness of medicinal plant benefits, and were more influenced by environmental stressors like drought (p < 0.01). In contrast, access to labor or familiarity with production stages did not significantly differ between groups. Social influence emerged as a key factor: adopters reported stronger encouragement from family, peers, and agricultural experts. The highest differential was observed in acting on advice from experienced farmers (t = -3.58, p = 0.01), underscoring the role of peer learning networks. The logit model identified six statistically significant predictors of adoption: farming experience (β = 0.06), smaller land size (β = -1.27), internal psychological traits (β = 1.07), social influence (β = 0.89), extension activities (β = 1.77), and behavioral intention (β = 1.44). The model explained 50% of the variance (Pseudo-R² = 0.50). Marginal effects showed that a one-unit increase in extension engagement raised the probability of adoption by 44%, while each hectare increase in land size reduced it by 32%. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of adoption behavior and the need for tailored, multi-dimensional interventions in rural innovation systems. Conclusions This study showed that the adoption of medicinal plant cultivation in Homaijan is shaped by a combination of individual, social, institutional, and experiential factors—beyond technical or economic considerations. Variables such as personal motivation, social influence, training activities, and farming experience significantly impacted farmers' willingness to adopt, emphasizing the importance of behavior, perception, and community dynamics. The findings align with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Diffusion of Innovations, highlighting the role of self-efficacy, social norms, and targeted extension. If validated elsewhere, these insights could inform broader strategies for promoting agricultural or environmental innovations. Practically, the study suggests that financial incentives alone are insufficient without fostering farmers’ intrinsic motivation and providing supportive learning environments. Supporting smallholders and promoting peer-led extension may further drive adoption. Nonetheless, unresolved issues remain—such as the roles of value chains, branding, and policy frameworks. Future research should address these gaps through localized, interdisciplinary approaches. Ultimately, medicinal plant cultivation can be a viable path to sustainable rural development—if supported by evidence-based, participatory, and socially rooted strategies.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132245_a30b4870e564cf0e79b270657fbaa5b2.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 A Spatial-Regional Analysis of Resilience to Household Food Insecurity in Rural Areas: Case Study of Kermanshah County A Spatial-Regional Analysis of Resilience to Household Food Insecurity in Rural Areas: Case Study of Kermanshah County 103 134 132324 10.30490/rvt.2025.367467.1676 FA S. Sanjabi Corresponding Author and Ph.D in Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0002-0428-6929 K. Zarafshani Professor, Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran , F. Amiri Assistant Professor. Department of Industrial Engineering; Faculty of Engineering Management, University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran A. A. Mirkzadeh, , Associate Professor, Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran S. Pourmasoumi Langrudi, Associate Professor, System Dynamics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway H. Shabanali Fami Professor, Rural Promotion and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4885-0317 Journal Article 2025 07 13 Abstract Introduction Food security, a cornerstone of sustainable development, refers to consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. It is particularly critical in rural areas of developing countries, where households face heightened vulnerability due to reliance on natural resources, infrastructural constraints, and economic fragility. Resilience—encompassing stability (maintaining conditions post-disruption), adaptability (flexibility amid changes), and transformation (structural innovation)—provides a framework for managing food-related risks. Spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enables the examination of regional disparities in resilience and food security. This study investigates the spatial distribution of resilience among rural households in Kermanshah County to identify local patterns and provide a framework for targeted policymaking. Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytical study collected data from 239 rural households across five districts of Kermanshah County (Mahidasht, Bilvar, Central, Kuzaran, and Firuzabad) using a researcher-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was established with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0/71. Sampling followed a stratified proportional method, with the sample size determined using G*Power software (effect size: 0/15; error level: 0/05). Data were analyzed using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making technique and GIS, with resilience maps generated via ArcGIS. Results and Discussion Findings revealed an average respondent age of 49/42 years and a household size of six members (two employed, four unemployed). Households owned an average of 4 hectares (ha) of irrigated land and 6/00 ha of rain-fed land, with a mean monthly non-agricultural income of 11,898,268 IRR and food expenditure of 8,802,521 IRR. Mahidasht and Bilvar districts recorded the highest stability scores (VIKOR indices: 0/17 and 0/50, respectively), likely due to better access to water resources and infrastructure. The Central district demonstrated the strongest adaptability (0/00) and transformation capacity (0/39), associated with greater livelihood diversity and stronger social capital. Conversely, Kuzaran and Firuzabad showed the lowest overall resilience (0/89 and 1, respectively), attributable to infrastructural limitations and heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. GIS maps, using cold-to-warm color gradients, confirmed these patterns, with cooler colors indicating stronger resilience. These results underscore the importance of resource management and infrastructure in shaping resilience levels among rural households. Conclusions The study highlighted significant spatial heterogeneity in resilience against food insecurity in Kermanshah County. Strengthening agricultural infrastructure (e.g., efficient irrigation systems), diversifying livelihoods through non-agricultural opportunities, and promoting educational programs for smart agricultural technologies can enhance resilience. Spatial analysis with GIS proved to be an effective tool for location-specific policymaking, contributing to reduced food insecurity and improved environmental sustainability. Future research should include longitudinal studies incorporating climatic variables and innovative agricultural practices. Abstract Introduction Food security, a cornerstone of sustainable development, refers to consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. It is particularly critical in rural areas of developing countries, where households face heightened vulnerability due to reliance on natural resources, infrastructural constraints, and economic fragility. Resilience—encompassing stability (maintaining conditions post-disruption), adaptability (flexibility amid changes), and transformation (structural innovation)—provides a framework for managing food-related risks. Spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enables the examination of regional disparities in resilience and food security. This study investigates the spatial distribution of resilience among rural households in Kermanshah County to identify local patterns and provide a framework for targeted policymaking. Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytical study collected data from 239 rural households across five districts of Kermanshah County (Mahidasht, Bilvar, Central, Kuzaran, and Firuzabad) using a researcher-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was established with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0/71. Sampling followed a stratified proportional method, with the sample size determined using G*Power software (effect size: 0/15; error level: 0/05). Data were analyzed using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making technique and GIS, with resilience maps generated via ArcGIS. Results and Discussion Findings revealed an average respondent age of 49/42 years and a household size of six members (two employed, four unemployed). Households owned an average of 4 hectares (ha) of irrigated land and 6/00 ha of rain-fed land, with a mean monthly non-agricultural income of 11,898,268 IRR and food expenditure of 8,802,521 IRR. Mahidasht and Bilvar districts recorded the highest stability scores (VIKOR indices: 0/17 and 0/50, respectively), likely due to better access to water resources and infrastructure. The Central district demonstrated the strongest adaptability (0/00) and transformation capacity (0/39), associated with greater livelihood diversity and stronger social capital. Conversely, Kuzaran and Firuzabad showed the lowest overall resilience (0/89 and 1, respectively), attributable to infrastructural limitations and heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. GIS maps, using cold-to-warm color gradients, confirmed these patterns, with cooler colors indicating stronger resilience. These results underscore the importance of resource management and infrastructure in shaping resilience levels among rural households. Conclusions The study highlighted significant spatial heterogeneity in resilience against food insecurity in Kermanshah County. Strengthening agricultural infrastructure (e.g., efficient irrigation systems), diversifying livelihoods through non-agricultural opportunities, and promoting educational programs for smart agricultural technologies can enhance resilience. Spatial analysis with GIS proved to be an effective tool for location-specific policymaking, contributing to reduced food insecurity and improved environmental sustainability. Future research should include longitudinal studies incorporating climatic variables and innovative agricultural practices.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132324_e4891dd0009bf6c79d9e3860674405d8.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 A Systematic review of factors affecting the Presetting of local village management pattern (2000 to 2024) A Systematic review of factors affecting the Presetting of local village management pattern (2000 to 2024) 173 206 132392 10.30490/rvt.2025.367407.1656 FA S. Julayi PhD Candidate of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0004-4026-0779 A.R. Darban Astane Associate Professor of Human Geography Department, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7977-7116 H.A. Faraji Sabokbar Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5470-4287 M.R. Rezvani Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-0830-3666 M.A. Khorasani Associate Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8591-8704 Journal Article 2025 03 12 Introduction: Achieving sustainable rural development requires effective management grounded in the fundamental principles and guidelines of this type of development. Identifying the key components and factors influencing local management, along with its consequences, is essential for realizing the goals of sustainable rural development. To this end, a qualitative analysis was conducted through library research to examine the factors affecting sustainable local management in small and scattered villages in Iran. In the first step, research questions such as the positioning of the research in terms of time, geographical distribution, subject, and methodology were analyzed both globally and within Iran. Based on the results obtained, the factors influencing local management in small and scattered villages were identified and categorized. Finally, recommendations for enhancing local management were provided. Materials and Methods: Based on the foundational nature of the research objective, this study aims to present a portion of the existing findings on local management of rural settlements and to define and develop a comprehensive framework of factors influencing local management in villages, with an emphasis on small and dispersed villages. To achieve this, a systematic review approach, utilizing the PRISMA statement, was employed to gather relevant literature on the components of local management models in rural areas from the period 2000 to 2024. Specific keywords such as local management, rural management, rural management model, and small and dispersed villages were used to collect data from credible internal and external scientific databases. After screening and qualitative assessment, a final analysis was conducted on 80 selected studies. Results and discussion: The evaluation of studies from the systematic review indicated that implementing a successful local management model for small villages requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that considers all influencing factors. This approach should focus on the active participation of villagers, government support, strengthening local institutions, and the use of modern technologies. The key findings of this research reveal that small and scattered villages face numerous challenges, including geographic dispersion, lack of infrastructure, misalignment of laws with rural conditions, weak local institutions, financial resource shortages, rural migration, weak public participation, changes in lifestyle, and environmental degradation. These challenges directly affect the quality of life of rural residents, resource productivity, and the sustainable development of rural areas. Suggestions for addressing these challenges have been provided. Conclusions: Based on the research questions, the distribution of information regarding the time frame, geographical dispersion, topic, and methodology was examined both in Iran and globally. Through the analysis of requirements, prerequisites, and the factors influencing local management and its consequences, it can be concluded that successful local management requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that takes all relevant factors into account. Furthermore, the active participation of villagers, government support, strengthening local institutions, and the use of knowledge and new technologies are key factors that can improve local management. Overall, the comprehensive analysis presented in the reviewed documents shows that the challenges facing the sustainable management of small rural settlements are categorized from different prospective such as, economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Introduction: Achieving sustainable rural development requires effective management grounded in the fundamental principles and guidelines of this type of development. Identifying the key components and factors influencing local management, along with its consequences, is essential for realizing the goals of sustainable rural development. To this end, a qualitative analysis was conducted through library research to examine the factors affecting sustainable local management in small and scattered villages in Iran. In the first step, research questions such as the positioning of the research in terms of time, geographical distribution, subject, and methodology were analyzed both globally and within Iran. Based on the results obtained, the factors influencing local management in small and scattered villages were identified and categorized. Finally, recommendations for enhancing local management were provided. Materials and Methods: Based on the foundational nature of the research objective, this study aims to present a portion of the existing findings on local management of rural settlements and to define and develop a comprehensive framework of factors influencing local management in villages, with an emphasis on small and dispersed villages. To achieve this, a systematic review approach, utilizing the PRISMA statement, was employed to gather relevant literature on the components of local management models in rural areas from the period 2000 to 2024. Specific keywords such as local management, rural management, rural management model, and small and dispersed villages were used to collect data from credible internal and external scientific databases. After screening and qualitative assessment, a final analysis was conducted on 80 selected studies. Results and discussion: The evaluation of studies from the systematic review indicated that implementing a successful local management model for small villages requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that considers all influencing factors. This approach should focus on the active participation of villagers, government support, strengthening local institutions, and the use of modern technologies. The key findings of this research reveal that small and scattered villages face numerous challenges, including geographic dispersion, lack of infrastructure, misalignment of laws with rural conditions, weak local institutions, financial resource shortages, rural migration, weak public participation, changes in lifestyle, and environmental degradation. These challenges directly affect the quality of life of rural residents, resource productivity, and the sustainable development of rural areas. Suggestions for addressing these challenges have been provided. Conclusions: Based on the research questions, the distribution of information regarding the time frame, geographical dispersion, topic, and methodology was examined both in Iran and globally. Through the analysis of requirements, prerequisites, and the factors influencing local management and its consequences, it can be concluded that successful local management requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that takes all relevant factors into account. Furthermore, the active participation of villagers, government support, strengthening local institutions, and the use of knowledge and new technologies are key factors that can improve local management. Overall, the comprehensive analysis presented in the reviewed documents shows that the challenges facing the sustainable management of small rural settlements are categorized from different prospective such as, economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132392_4e3e2c1885949b623580f92078d56c7d.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Investigating the role of new media in the sustainable development of agriculture in the villages of Takab city West Azerbaijan Investigating the role of new media in the sustainable development of agriculture in the villages of Takab city West Azerbaijan 135 172 132389 10.30490/rvt.2025.367301.1635 FA A.A,. Hamedi Oghulbeyk PhD Student in Media Management, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-4475-5165 M.M. Forghani Associate Professor of Social Communication Sciences Faculty of Communication Sciences Allameh Taba taba'i University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-9323-6615 A.A. Rezaei Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0002-7799-1757 A. Delavar Professor of Research and Statistics Methods, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8404-5980 R. Sepehrnia Associate Professor of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Department of Cultural and Media Studies, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7634-1894 Journal Article 2024 11 23 Extended Abstract: Introduction and Objective: Lack of awareness among rural people is the main factor in the lack of sustainable agricultural development in villages, so rural development programs should be directed towards awareness from the media, especially new media and social networks. Reform and change are made when the beliefs of the rural community change. Most people believe that sustainable agricultural development is one of the duties and options of governments, but the reality is that sometimes government interventions have been destructive. Since human resource development is one of the basic principles in sustainable agricultural development, and sustainable agricultural development is implemented at an optimal and effective level when the gap between the previous generation and rural youth can be bridged by developing education through new media and field training, awareness about sustainable agricultural development is the first step in developing and improving the awareness and knowledge of human resources through new media and social networks in changing individual behavior, attitudes, and skills. The infrastructural limitations of villages and their limited access to educational and communication facilities have made new media and social networks one of the most important tools for transferring information, knowledge, and skills to villagers. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of new media (media based on the Internet) in the sustainable development of agriculture in the villages of Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province. Materials and Methods: This study, using a survey and documentary method, attempts to investigate the extent and manner of use of new media by the villagers of Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province, and to identify the most important factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture. The samples were selected using a random sampling method and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was obtained through the application of the opinions of the academic staff members and agricultural specialists of the Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization and the supervisors and consultants. The preliminary test and validity of the questionnaire were carried out by completing 28 questionnaires by farmers in one of the villages outside the statistical sample, and its reliability was confirmed with an ordinal theta coefficient of 0.85. The statistical population of this study includes all farmers in Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province, which are 32,224 people. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula as 285 people. The sampling method was simple random and farmers living in villages of six districts of Tekab County were interviewed in person in 1402. Results and Discussion: A mixed-method multivariate regression analysis showed that income, education, and the use of new media are the most important factors affecting sustainable agricultural development. There is also a relationship between the impact of media and the active participation of rural people in sustainable agricultural development. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and using multiple regression coefficient and Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient tests. Regarding the impact and effectiveness of new media on farmers in accepting sustainable agricultural development, the results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the use of new media and the acceptance of sustainable agricultural development. (r=0.146, p=0.026). There is also a positive and significant relationship between farmers' education and their interest in sustainable agricultural development (r=215/) (p=0.001) Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that the use of educated rural people in matters related to sustainable agricultural development and their use of new media will significantly contribute to increasing the participation of rural people in projects related to sustainable agricultural development. Keywords: Rural areas, sustainable development of rural agriculture, new media, rural development programs, Tekab Extended Abstract: Introduction and Objective: Lack of awareness among rural people is the main factor in the lack of sustainable agricultural development in villages, so rural development programs should be directed towards awareness from the media, especially new media and social networks. Reform and change are made when the beliefs of the rural community change. Most people believe that sustainable agricultural development is one of the duties and options of governments, but the reality is that sometimes government interventions have been destructive. Since human resource development is one of the basic principles in sustainable agricultural development, and sustainable agricultural development is implemented at an optimal and effective level when the gap between the previous generation and rural youth can be bridged by developing education through new media and field training, awareness about sustainable agricultural development is the first step in developing and improving the awareness and knowledge of human resources through new media and social networks in changing individual behavior, attitudes, and skills. The infrastructural limitations of villages and their limited access to educational and communication facilities have made new media and social networks one of the most important tools for transferring information, knowledge, and skills to villagers. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of new media (media based on the Internet) in the sustainable development of agriculture in the villages of Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province. Materials and Methods: This study, using a survey and documentary method, attempts to investigate the extent and manner of use of new media by the villagers of Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province, and to identify the most important factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture. The samples were selected using a random sampling method and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was obtained through the application of the opinions of the academic staff members and agricultural specialists of the Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization and the supervisors and consultants. The preliminary test and validity of the questionnaire were carried out by completing 28 questionnaires by farmers in one of the villages outside the statistical sample, and its reliability was confirmed with an ordinal theta coefficient of 0.85. The statistical population of this study includes all farmers in Tekab County, West Azerbaijan Province, which are 32,224 people. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula as 285 people. The sampling method was simple random and farmers living in villages of six districts of Tekab County were interviewed in person in 1402. Results and Discussion: A mixed-method multivariate regression analysis showed that income, education, and the use of new media are the most important factors affecting sustainable agricultural development. There is also a relationship between the impact of media and the active participation of rural people in sustainable agricultural development. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and using multiple regression coefficient and Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient tests. Regarding the impact and effectiveness of new media on farmers in accepting sustainable agricultural development, the results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the use of new media and the acceptance of sustainable agricultural development. (r=0.146, p=0.026). There is also a positive and significant relationship between farmers' education and their interest in sustainable agricultural development (r=215/) (p=0.001) Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that the use of educated rural people in matters related to sustainable agricultural development and their use of new media will significantly contribute to increasing the participation of rural people in projects related to sustainable agricultural development. Keywords: Rural areas, sustainable development of rural agriculture, new media, rural development programs, Tekab

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132389_38cde54d2f4eb4367d4d141f58817ee5.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 28 2 2025 08 23 Analyzing and explaining the experiences of agricultural specialists and expert farmers in identifying and prioritizing information sources for farmers in the field of investment development in the agricultural sector. Analyzing and explaining the experiences of agricultural specialists and expert farmers in identifying and prioritizing information sources for farmers in the field of investment development in the agricultural sector. 207 224 132395 10.30490/rvt.2025.367433.1667 FA Hossein Kohestani Associate Professor, Department of Rural Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0002-8419-5989 Hoshang Mohamadi PhD Student, Department of Rural Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Hossein Yadavar Associate Professor, Department of Rural Extension and Development , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Kazemiyeh Associate Professor in the Department of Rural Extension and Development at the University of Tabriz, Tabriz,Iran Ali Kianirad Associate Professor, Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI), Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2025 05 25 Analyzing and explaining the experiences of agricultural specialists and expert farmers in identifying and prioritizing information sources for farmers in the field of investment development in the agricultural sector. Hossein Kohestani, Hoshang Mohamadi, Hossein Yadavar, Ali Kianirad Familiarity with information resources is considered as a sustainable development tool for villages in order to raise awareness, reduce information gap and increase efficiency of villagers. The aim of the research is to identify and prioritize the influential factors. The methodology of this research is an exploratory research in terms of its purpose, in which, after studying the theoretical literature, the primary influential factors are extracted. The main purpose of this research is to identify the information sources of farmers in the villages of Kermanshah. The research method is qualitative and is done with the phenomenological approach on agricultural experts and farmers in the winter of 1403 in order to identify information sources using deep open and semi-structured interviews. In order to prioritize the information resources of the farmers, they were targeted by sampling and data saturation, with the confidentiality of information and the ability to leave the study at any time. By analyzing and integrating the main components, four main components were identified and 20 sub-components were extracted and used for AHP ranking. The results showed that the incompatibility rate was less than 0.1. So there is compatibility in the pair comparison. Therefore, all elements have a good and acceptable weight. The result was that based on the calculations carried out and the amount of their accuracy, it was determined that among the main factors of information resources, holding educational classes with a weight of 0.137 is in the first place and the use of websites with the weight of 0.0062 is in the last place. Keywords: Information resources, specialists, farmers, investment Analyzing and explaining the experiences of agricultural specialists and expert farmers in identifying and prioritizing information sources for farmers in the field of investment development in the agricultural sector. Hossein Kohestani, Hoshang Mohamadi, Hossein Yadavar, Ali Kianirad Familiarity with information resources is considered as a sustainable development tool for villages in order to raise awareness, reduce information gap and increase efficiency of villagers. The aim of the research is to identify and prioritize the influential factors. The methodology of this research is an exploratory research in terms of its purpose, in which, after studying the theoretical literature, the primary influential factors are extracted. The main purpose of this research is to identify the information sources of farmers in the villages of Kermanshah. The research method is qualitative and is done with the phenomenological approach on agricultural experts and farmers in the winter of 1403 in order to identify information sources using deep open and semi-structured interviews. In order to prioritize the information resources of the farmers, they were targeted by sampling and data saturation, with the confidentiality of information and the ability to leave the study at any time. By analyzing and integrating the main components, four main components were identified and 20 sub-components were extracted and used for AHP ranking. The results showed that the incompatibility rate was less than 0.1. So there is compatibility in the pair comparison. Therefore, all elements have a good and acceptable weight. The result was that based on the calculations carried out and the amount of their accuracy, it was determined that among the main factors of information resources, holding educational classes with a weight of 0.137 is in the first place and the use of websites with the weight of 0.0062 is in the last place. Keywords: Information resources, specialists, farmers, investment

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