Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Investigating the Relationship between Rural Entrepreneurship, Family Financial Well-Being and Rural Regeneration Investigating the Relationship between Rural Entrepreneurship, Family Financial Well-Being and Rural Regeneration 1 22 132184 10.30490/rvt.2025.367358.1641 FA R. Norouzi Ajirloo Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5787-6140 M. Soleymanpor Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Payame Noor university, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-9656-3347 Journal Article 2024 12 30 Abstract Introduction Rural entrepreneurship has proven to be one of the most potent tools for promoting rural development. The link between rural entrepreneurship and rural regeneration is particularly important in areas facing population decline or economic decline. Entrepreneurship encourages diversification away from traditional economic sectors that can be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Goldsmith (2013) acknowledges that financial well-being is the ultimate criterion for assessing a person's financial health, indicating the degree of life security and need for financial support against economic risks due to bankruptcy, unemployment, retirement, poverty or illness. Therefore, considering the importance of the two variables “rural entrepreneurship” and “family financial well-being” in rural regeneration and the need to pay attention to the above issue and the research gap in this regard, a study on the impact of rural entrepreneurship and financial well-being on rural regeneration was deemed necessary. Materials and Methods In order to test the hypotheses put forward, a quantitative research method was chosen to enable the researchers to better understand the relationships between the variables using general statistical data. To assess the construct validity of the standardized factor loadings, the average variance extracted (AVE ≥ 0.50) and composite reliability (CR ≥ 0.70) were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS23 and to fit the model and test the relationships between the research variables, structural equation modeling was performed using the software (PLS SMART 3). Results and Discussion The results show that the value of the multiple coefficients of determination for the research model is 0.929. This means that the independent variables of the research were able to explain 92.9 percent of the changes in the dependent variable, which is a very good percentage. To test the purpose of the research, we will examine the effect of the main variables and some of their dimensions and finally draw conclusions. Rural entrepreneurs can attract newcomers and retain existing residents by creating economic and cultural opportunities. The study also found that financial prosperity has a positive impact on rural regeneration. Conclusions The relationship between rural family well-being and rural regeneration is complex and deeply intertwined. Improving family well-being leads to economic stability, increased community participation, and effective use of welfare programs, all of which are crucial for rural revitalization Abstract Introduction Rural entrepreneurship has proven to be one of the most potent tools for promoting rural development. The link between rural entrepreneurship and rural regeneration is particularly important in areas facing population decline or economic decline. Entrepreneurship encourages diversification away from traditional economic sectors that can be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Goldsmith (2013) acknowledges that financial well-being is the ultimate criterion for assessing a person's financial health, indicating the degree of life security and need for financial support against economic risks due to bankruptcy, unemployment, retirement, poverty or illness. Therefore, considering the importance of the two variables “rural entrepreneurship” and “family financial well-being” in rural regeneration and the need to pay attention to the above issue and the research gap in this regard, a study on the impact of rural entrepreneurship and financial well-being on rural regeneration was deemed necessary. Materials and Methods In order to test the hypotheses put forward, a quantitative research method was chosen to enable the researchers to better understand the relationships between the variables using general statistical data. To assess the construct validity of the standardized factor loadings, the average variance extracted (AVE ≥ 0.50) and composite reliability (CR ≥ 0.70) were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS23 and to fit the model and test the relationships between the research variables, structural equation modeling was performed using the software (PLS SMART 3). Results and Discussion The results show that the value of the multiple coefficients of determination for the research model is 0.929. This means that the independent variables of the research were able to explain 92.9 percent of the changes in the dependent variable, which is a very good percentage. To test the purpose of the research, we will examine the effect of the main variables and some of their dimensions and finally draw conclusions. Rural entrepreneurs can attract newcomers and retain existing residents by creating economic and cultural opportunities. The study also found that financial prosperity has a positive impact on rural regeneration. Conclusions The relationship between rural family well-being and rural regeneration is complex and deeply intertwined. Improving family well-being leads to economic stability, increased community participation, and effective use of welfare programs, all of which are crucial for rural revitalization

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132184_e44072e595733d622f5c6f0a6e875cab.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 02 19 Factors Affecting Adoption of Insurance Plan of Rainfed Wheat in Hashtroud County Factors Affecting Adoption of Insurance Plan of Rainfed Wheat in Hashtroud County 23 40 132183 10.30490/rvt.2025.367390.1651 FA Gh. Dashti Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0002-9292-3843 M. Ghahremanzadeh Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0003-0993-9244 A. Shiri MSc of Agricultural Economics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. E. Pishbahar Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-7826-5437 Journal Article 2025 02 12 Abstract Introduction Wheat production is a strategic product of great importance not only in Iran but worldwide. This crop is predominantly cultivated in rainfed areas and is susceptible to economic, social, and natural hazards such as drought, cold, frost, and hail. Protecting farmers' production and income is a key priority for governments. Agricultural insurance is one of the most important solutions in this regard. The comprehensive rainfed wheat insurance plan is a recent initiative that includes all risk factors in a single policy and offers flexibility in premium rates. This plan has been implemented in Hashtroud County, the production hub of this crop in East Azerbaijan province, where 75,000 tons of rainfed wheat was produced from 92,000 hectares of cultivated area, making it the top producer in the province for the 2022-2023 crop year. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the adoption of the comprehensive plan of wheat in Hashtroud County. Materials and Methods The logit model was used for this analysis to identify factors affecting the adoption of the insurance plan in rural regions. Estimated coefficients of the logit model do not have a direct interpretation, so the marginal effects and elasticity of variables are calculated to interpret the effect of factors on the adoption of the comprehensive plan among wheat farmers in Hashtroud County. The elasticity indicates that by changing one percent in the independent variable, the probability of adopting the comprehensive plan among wheat farmers of Hashtroud County will change (increase or decrease). The marginal effect also shows that with a one-unit change in the independent variable, assuming that other conditions are stable, the possibility of using the comprehensive plan will change. Data were collected from 250 wheat farmers who accepted and did not accept the comprehensive insurance plan in the 2022-2023 crop years through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Results and Discussion The logit model results showed that the farmer's age has a negative effect, while the total level of crops, obtaining bank loans, satisfaction with insurance premiums and indemnity, satisfaction with risk factor coverage, the occurrence of cold and frost damage, the number of times receiving indemnity, and satisfaction with the amount and administrative process of indemnity have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of the comprehensive insurance plan. The percentage of prediction of the estimated model was 86.85, which, according to acceptable prediction for logit and probit models, is 70 percent. This percentage for the estimated model is desirable. Conclusions Considering the new comprehensive insurance plan offered by the Agricultural Insurance Fund, measures such as informing farmers about the rules, regulations, and services, holding promotional classes to increase technical and insurance knowledge, revising the damage assessment and compensation payment processes, and providing financial resources for compensation payments from the agricultural insurance fund will be beneficial and effective in increasing the acceptance of the comprehensive plan. It is suggested that the agricultural insurance fund and agricultural jahad management hold extension classes regarding the benefits and importance of insurance as well as the insurance process and compensation and payment of compensation, conditions and insurance clauses, and also electronic services of the agricultural insurance fund in order to inform the rules and regulations of agricultural insurance and increase the information of policyholders and wheat farmers. Abstract Introduction Wheat production is a strategic product of great importance not only in Iran but worldwide. This crop is predominantly cultivated in rainfed areas and is susceptible to economic, social, and natural hazards such as drought, cold, frost, and hail. Protecting farmers' production and income is a key priority for governments. Agricultural insurance is one of the most important solutions in this regard. The comprehensive rainfed wheat insurance plan is a recent initiative that includes all risk factors in a single policy and offers flexibility in premium rates. This plan has been implemented in Hashtroud County, the production hub of this crop in East Azerbaijan province, where 75,000 tons of rainfed wheat was produced from 92,000 hectares of cultivated area, making it the top producer in the province for the 2022-2023 crop year. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the adoption of the comprehensive plan of wheat in Hashtroud County. Materials and Methods The logit model was used for this analysis to identify factors affecting the adoption of the insurance plan in rural regions. Estimated coefficients of the logit model do not have a direct interpretation, so the marginal effects and elasticity of variables are calculated to interpret the effect of factors on the adoption of the comprehensive plan among wheat farmers in Hashtroud County. The elasticity indicates that by changing one percent in the independent variable, the probability of adopting the comprehensive plan among wheat farmers of Hashtroud County will change (increase or decrease). The marginal effect also shows that with a one-unit change in the independent variable, assuming that other conditions are stable, the possibility of using the comprehensive plan will change. Data were collected from 250 wheat farmers who accepted and did not accept the comprehensive insurance plan in the 2022-2023 crop years through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Results and Discussion The logit model results showed that the farmer's age has a negative effect, while the total level of crops, obtaining bank loans, satisfaction with insurance premiums and indemnity, satisfaction with risk factor coverage, the occurrence of cold and frost damage, the number of times receiving indemnity, and satisfaction with the amount and administrative process of indemnity have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of the comprehensive insurance plan. The percentage of prediction of the estimated model was 86.85, which, according to acceptable prediction for logit and probit models, is 70 percent. This percentage for the estimated model is desirable. Conclusions Considering the new comprehensive insurance plan offered by the Agricultural Insurance Fund, measures such as informing farmers about the rules, regulations, and services, holding promotional classes to increase technical and insurance knowledge, revising the damage assessment and compensation payment processes, and providing financial resources for compensation payments from the agricultural insurance fund will be beneficial and effective in increasing the acceptance of the comprehensive plan. It is suggested that the agricultural insurance fund and agricultural jahad management hold extension classes regarding the benefits and importance of insurance as well as the insurance process and compensation and payment of compensation, conditions and insurance clauses, and also electronic services of the agricultural insurance fund in order to inform the rules and regulations of agricultural insurance and increase the information of policyholders and wheat farmers.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132183_8e0316df8f4902d6bacaca7babc536a2.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 The Needs of Implementing a Community-Based Empowerment Program for Empowering Entrepreneurial People with Disabilities in Rural Areas of Kermanshah Province: A Qualitative Approach The Needs of Implementing a Community-Based Empowerment Program for Empowering Entrepreneurial People with Disabilities in Rural Areas of Kermanshah Province: A Qualitative Approach 41 68 132189 10.30490/rvt.2025.367385.1649 FA B. Rezaee Associate Professor, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0001-8753-5136 A. Pazhouhan Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7567-1648 Kh. Azizi Ph.D. Student in Entrepreneurship, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0003-0811-593X M. Soleimani Ph.D. in Entrepreneurship, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-5705-1955 Journal Article 2025 02 06 Abstract Introduction Employment plays a crucial role in people's lives, affecting their relationships, health, and overall well-being. However, individuals with disabilities often face exclusion from the labor market. This study focuses on identifying the needs for implementing a community-based rehabilitation program to empower disabled individuals in rural areas of Kermanshah province. Materials and Methods The research community consisted of university experts in the fields of entrepreneurship, economics, business management, psychology, and welfare sciences; welfare experts and related organizations involved in the employment of disabled individuals; and disabled entrepreneurs. Sampling continued using theoretical and purposeful sampling methods until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The validity of the research was confirmed in 1403 through methods such as long-term engagement, continuous observation, selection of appropriate samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, and review by research participants. The reliability of the research was also confirmed using the Holistic Re-test reliability method. Through open coding, 81 initial codes, 15 main concepts, and 6 themes related to the needs of implementing a community-based empowerment program for disabled entrepreneurs were identified. Results and Discussion The study identified key needs for implementing a community-based rehabilitation program, including attention to individual differences, economic sustainability, reducing migration, poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, legal compliance, climate crisis resilience, and leveraging local job opportunities. Conclusions The study emphasizes the importance of addressing individual differences, ensuring economic sustainability, preventing migration, reducing poverty, strengthening local infrastructure, meeting legal obligations, addressing climate crises, and utilizing local job opportunities for the entrepreneurial empowerment of disabled individuals inrural areas. Abstract Introduction Employment plays a crucial role in people's lives, affecting their relationships, health, and overall well-being. However, individuals with disabilities often face exclusion from the labor market. This study focuses on identifying the needs for implementing a community-based rehabilitation program to empower disabled individuals in rural areas of Kermanshah province. Materials and Methods The research community consisted of university experts in the fields of entrepreneurship, economics, business management, psychology, and welfare sciences; welfare experts and related organizations involved in the employment of disabled individuals; and disabled entrepreneurs. Sampling continued using theoretical and purposeful sampling methods until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The validity of the research was confirmed in 1403 through methods such as long-term engagement, continuous observation, selection of appropriate samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, and review by research participants. The reliability of the research was also confirmed using the Holistic Re-test reliability method. Through open coding, 81 initial codes, 15 main concepts, and 6 themes related to the needs of implementing a community-based empowerment program for disabled entrepreneurs were identified. Results and Discussion The study identified key needs for implementing a community-based rehabilitation program, including attention to individual differences, economic sustainability, reducing migration, poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, legal compliance, climate crisis resilience, and leveraging local job opportunities. Conclusions The study emphasizes the importance of addressing individual differences, ensuring economic sustainability, preventing migration, reducing poverty, strengthening local infrastructure, meeting legal obligations, addressing climate crises, and utilizing local job opportunities for the entrepreneurial empowerment of disabled individuals inrural areas.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132189_bf22c7a2d50406c5544ec65aa6e62275.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Exploring Financial Literacy in Agricultural Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative Study of Farmers in Golestan Province Exploring Financial Literacy in Agricultural Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative Study of Farmers in Golestan Province 69 102 132194 10.30490/rvt.2025.367406.1654 FA M. Mohammadi Khyareh Associate Professor, Department of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran. 0000-0003-3977-0929 A. Zivary Ph.D. in Entrepreneurship Development, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0009-5469-3504 Journal Article 2025 03 09 Abstract Introduction Financial literacy plays a crucial role in the success of entrepreneurs, especially in the agricultural sector where economic viability intersects with complex environmental and sociocultural factors. This study aims to investigate the relationship between financial literacy and agricultural entrepreneurship by developing a comprehensive model of entrepreneurial financial literacy (EFL) among farmers in Golestan Province, Iran. Traditional financial literacy models often overlook contextual factors such as cultural norms and localized economic practices, which are essential in shaping entrepreneurial behavior in rural areas. This research bridges this gap by integrating cultural, psychological, and educational dimensions into a holistic EFL framework tailored to agricultural contexts. Materials and Methods A qualitative approach was used, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively selected participants, including academic experts, financial professionals, and entrepreneurial farmers in Golestan Province. Data collection focused on participants' views on financial decision-making, risk management, and the influence of cultural practices on financial behaviors. Thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke's (2006) six-step methodology, was conducted using MAXQDA software. Iterative coding identified recurring patterns, leading to the development of themes that capture the core components of EFL. Results and Discussion Three interrelated themes emerged: Financial Knowledge Gaps: Farmers lacked foundational financial skills, such as cost-benefit analysis and liquidity management, which hindered their ability to optimize resource allocation. Cultural and Indigenous Factors: Local traditions, familial cooperation networks, and risk-averse attitudes significantly influenced financial decisions. For example, reliance on informal community-based financial support often outweighed engagement with formal banking systems. Patterns of Financial Tool Usage: There was a disconnect between modern financial instruments (e.g., loans, insurance) and farmers' trust in traditional practices, highlighting the need for hybrid solutions. The proposed EFL model emphasizes the symbiotic relationship between financial education and cultural adaptation. It suggests that entrepreneurial motivation is enhanced when financial training aligns with local values, such as integrating indigenous cooperative systems (e.g., hamiyari) with formal financial services. This synergy not only improves economic efficiency but also promotes sustainable rural enterprises. Conclusions This study contributes to the theoretical discourse on financial literacy by highlighting the importance of cultural contextualization in effective EFL models. It calls for policymakers, agricultural extension services, and financial institutions to collaborate on designing localized educational programs that blend traditional practices with modern financial tools. For instance, microfinance initiatives could incorporate community-led risk-sharing mechanisms to increase adoption rates. By addressing both cognitive and sociocultural dimensions, the model offers a pathway to enhance agricultural entrepreneurship, economic resilience, and rural development in regions like Golestan. Abstract Introduction Financial literacy plays a crucial role in the success of entrepreneurs, especially in the agricultural sector where economic viability intersects with complex environmental and sociocultural factors. This study aims to investigate the relationship between financial literacy and agricultural entrepreneurship by developing a comprehensive model of entrepreneurial financial literacy (EFL) among farmers in Golestan Province, Iran. Traditional financial literacy models often overlook contextual factors such as cultural norms and localized economic practices, which are essential in shaping entrepreneurial behavior in rural areas. This research bridges this gap by integrating cultural, psychological, and educational dimensions into a holistic EFL framework tailored to agricultural contexts. Materials and Methods A qualitative approach was used, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively selected participants, including academic experts, financial professionals, and entrepreneurial farmers in Golestan Province. Data collection focused on participants' views on financial decision-making, risk management, and the influence of cultural practices on financial behaviors. Thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke's (2006) six-step methodology, was conducted using MAXQDA software. Iterative coding identified recurring patterns, leading to the development of themes that capture the core components of EFL. Results and Discussion Three interrelated themes emerged: Financial Knowledge Gaps: Farmers lacked foundational financial skills, such as cost-benefit analysis and liquidity management, which hindered their ability to optimize resource allocation. Cultural and Indigenous Factors: Local traditions, familial cooperation networks, and risk-averse attitudes significantly influenced financial decisions. For example, reliance on informal community-based financial support often outweighed engagement with formal banking systems. Patterns of Financial Tool Usage: There was a disconnect between modern financial instruments (e.g., loans, insurance) and farmers' trust in traditional practices, highlighting the need for hybrid solutions. The proposed EFL model emphasizes the symbiotic relationship between financial education and cultural adaptation. It suggests that entrepreneurial motivation is enhanced when financial training aligns with local values, such as integrating indigenous cooperative systems (e.g., hamiyari) with formal financial services. This synergy not only improves economic efficiency but also promotes sustainable rural enterprises. Conclusions This study contributes to the theoretical discourse on financial literacy by highlighting the importance of cultural contextualization in effective EFL models. It calls for policymakers, agricultural extension services, and financial institutions to collaborate on designing localized educational programs that blend traditional practices with modern financial tools. For instance, microfinance initiatives could incorporate community-led risk-sharing mechanisms to increase adoption rates. By addressing both cognitive and sociocultural dimensions, the model offers a pathway to enhance agricultural entrepreneurship, economic resilience, and rural development in regions like Golestan.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132194_0e42374dc6db78cbd2f361a88232c29d.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran with Emphasis on the Agricultural Sector Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran with Emphasis on the Agricultural Sector 103 124 132199 10.30490/rvt.2025.367397.1652 FA A. Sheikhzeinoddin Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0001-8371-2297 H. Dehghanpur Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Darab College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0009-0000-4389-7557 Journal Article 2025 02 22 Abstract Introduction Global warming has been a significant issue in recent decades, with greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, being a major contributor to climate change. Understanding the factors influencing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate greenhouse gases and address global warming. This study aims to identify the factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions, focusing on the agricultural sector. Materials and Methods Data from 1990 to 2022 were collected for analysis. Stationarity of the variables was assessed, and short-term and long-term patterns were estimated using the ARDL model. Results and Discussion The study found that crop, livestock, and forest production, as well as energy consumption and population growth, have a significant positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions in both the short and long term. While temperature does not affect emissions in the short term, an increase in temperature over the long term can lead to a reduction in emissions. Higher temperatures may stimulate environmental policies, technological advancements, and changes in consumer behavior, resulting in lower emissions. Additionally, increased rainfall is associated with reduced carbon dioxide emissions in both the short and long term. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of climate and water resources in managing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development in Iran. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, enhancing production efficiency in crop, livestock, and forestry sectors through modern and low-carbon technologies is recommended. Optimizing energy consumption, promoting renewable energy sources, and implementing population planning strategies can also help mitigate emissions. Supporting environmental policies, raising public awareness about climate change, and conserving water resources are essential for reducing emissions. Sustainable agricultural practices and efficient use of atmospheric precipitation are key for agricultural development. Abstract Introduction Global warming has been a significant issue in recent decades, with greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, being a major contributor to climate change. Understanding the factors influencing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate greenhouse gases and address global warming. This study aims to identify the factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions, focusing on the agricultural sector. Materials and Methods Data from 1990 to 2022 were collected for analysis. Stationarity of the variables was assessed, and short-term and long-term patterns were estimated using the ARDL model. Results and Discussion The study found that crop, livestock, and forest production, as well as energy consumption and population growth, have a significant positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions in both the short and long term. While temperature does not affect emissions in the short term, an increase in temperature over the long term can lead to a reduction in emissions. Higher temperatures may stimulate environmental policies, technological advancements, and changes in consumer behavior, resulting in lower emissions. Additionally, increased rainfall is associated with reduced carbon dioxide emissions in both the short and long term. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of climate and water resources in managing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development in Iran. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, enhancing production efficiency in crop, livestock, and forestry sectors through modern and low-carbon technologies is recommended. Optimizing energy consumption, promoting renewable energy sources, and implementing population planning strategies can also help mitigate emissions. Supporting environmental policies, raising public awareness about climate change, and conserving water resources are essential for reducing emissions. Sustainable agricultural practices and efficient use of atmospheric precipitation are key for agricultural development.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132199_346461ad5f36bf6c5ac0bce649a7010f.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Identifying and Prioritizing Business Opportunities Related to Agricultural Products in Rural Areas of Izeh County Identifying and Prioritizing Business Opportunities Related to Agricultural Products in Rural Areas of Izeh County 125 154 132203 10.30490/rvt.2025.367167.1623 FA M. ‫Zaheri Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. H. Karimzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. N. Hosseini Shahpariyan PhD Student, Department of Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 09 27 Abstract Introduction In recent years, one of the factors behind the backwardness of villages and the migration of villagers to the city has been economic issues and access to employment. Therefore, the main goal of implementing various programs in rural areas is to achieve rural development, and one of the main goals of development is to reduce unemployment, create and increase job opportunities. Therefore, guaranteeing and continuing the life and survival of villages requires finding new solutions and methods to deal with problems that depend on innovation, innovation, new processes and methods. In order to invent new methods and processes that can guarantee the continuation of rural life, along with upstream policies and programs, it is necessary to pay attention to the existing local capacities and their operational solutions. In today's era, rural development is more connected with the phenomenon of entrepreneurship than in the past. Considering that agricultural development, as the main center and axis of the country's development, has a special role and position, and businesses related to it can be a necessary condition and driver of rural development, the present study aims to identify and prioritize business opportunities related to agricultural products in rural areas of Izeh County. Related to agricultural products Materials and Methods Based on the purpose, this research is applied and in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of data collection method, it is mixed (combination of quantitative and qualitative methods). According to the objectives, the research consists of two stages. In the first stage, in order to identify and prioritize business opportunities related to agricultural products in the study area, researchers used semi-structured interviews with experts and entrepreneurs in related fields. Sampling method was done purposefully and by snowball method. According to the theoretical saturation rule, the number of interviews has reached 23. Then, using the qualitative method and through three stages of open, central and selective coding, the collected information has been analyzed. The data analysis tool was done using Maxquda23 software. Kappa coefficient was also used for the validity and reliability of the criteria. In the quantitative part of the research, the opinions of 15 academic and organizational experts were used. In order to prioritize the identified criteria and businesses, Critic and Marcos decision-making models were used. Based on the results of the Maxquda, 49 businesses were identified in the form of 4 agricultural, horticultural, livestock and aquatic sectors, and the highest frequency was related to the agricultural sector. Results and Discussion The general and final result of the research shows that among the 49 possibilities of identifying the construction of an oil production factory and pasta production, they are ranked first and second. The reason for this is that there is a lot of rapeseed and wheat in Izeh city. The surplus of these two products for regional needs in the development of manufacturing plants can provide rural development. The construction of olive processing workshops is also ranked third. The olive crop can also be developed at a higher level due to the favorable conditions of the studied area for cultivation and also the low need for water. Animal feed production factory, launching of cake and biscuit production company, honey packaging, seed production and disinfection company, animal breeding, milk processing and pomegranate processing are also in the fourth to tenth place. The mentioned businesses are all with regional capacities and will definitely be used in building a factory or starting a company with extraordinary businesses from its raw materials in this county. Conclusions In this research, it was in 3 agricultural, horticultural and livestock sectors. Considering the vast and undulating lands of the city under study, the highest level of crops is devoted to wheat and rapeseed cultivation, and due to the surplus of harvest, it is possible to set up a rapeseed oil factory, a pasta, cake and biscuit production factory in this city. There is also a garden in Izeh city with a very suitable capacity for planting and processing olives. In the livestock department, the city under study is one of the first three cities in Khuzestan province in the area of breeding and production of light livestock, which, by using breeding, increases milking rate, increases twinning, increases volume, and strengthens genes. , follow the desired production of annual wool and increase the quality of meat. It should be noted that the formation of businesses dependent on agricultural products depends on conditions such as amending laws and regulations, providing banking facilities, and finding suitable locations. Abstract Introduction In recent years, one of the factors behind the backwardness of villages and the migration of villagers to the city has been economic issues and access to employment. Therefore, the main goal of implementing various programs in rural areas is to achieve rural development, and one of the main goals of development is to reduce unemployment, create and increase job opportunities. Therefore, guaranteeing and continuing the life and survival of villages requires finding new solutions and methods to deal with problems that depend on innovation, innovation, new processes and methods. In order to invent new methods and processes that can guarantee the continuation of rural life, along with upstream policies and programs, it is necessary to pay attention to the existing local capacities and their operational solutions. In today's era, rural development is more connected with the phenomenon of entrepreneurship than in the past. Considering that agricultural development, as the main center and axis of the country's development, has a special role and position, and businesses related to it can be a necessary condition and driver of rural development, the present study aims to identify and prioritize business opportunities related to agricultural products in rural areas of Izeh County. Related to agricultural products Materials and Methods Based on the purpose, this research is applied and in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of data collection method, it is mixed (combination of quantitative and qualitative methods). According to the objectives, the research consists of two stages. In the first stage, in order to identify and prioritize business opportunities related to agricultural products in the study area, researchers used semi-structured interviews with experts and entrepreneurs in related fields. Sampling method was done purposefully and by snowball method. According to the theoretical saturation rule, the number of interviews has reached 23. Then, using the qualitative method and through three stages of open, central and selective coding, the collected information has been analyzed. The data analysis tool was done using Maxquda23 software. Kappa coefficient was also used for the validity and reliability of the criteria. In the quantitative part of the research, the opinions of 15 academic and organizational experts were used. In order to prioritize the identified criteria and businesses, Critic and Marcos decision-making models were used. Based on the results of the Maxquda, 49 businesses were identified in the form of 4 agricultural, horticultural, livestock and aquatic sectors, and the highest frequency was related to the agricultural sector. Results and Discussion The general and final result of the research shows that among the 49 possibilities of identifying the construction of an oil production factory and pasta production, they are ranked first and second. The reason for this is that there is a lot of rapeseed and wheat in Izeh city. The surplus of these two products for regional needs in the development of manufacturing plants can provide rural development. The construction of olive processing workshops is also ranked third. The olive crop can also be developed at a higher level due to the favorable conditions of the studied area for cultivation and also the low need for water. Animal feed production factory, launching of cake and biscuit production company, honey packaging, seed production and disinfection company, animal breeding, milk processing and pomegranate processing are also in the fourth to tenth place. The mentioned businesses are all with regional capacities and will definitely be used in building a factory or starting a company with extraordinary businesses from its raw materials in this county. Conclusions In this research, it was in 3 agricultural, horticultural and livestock sectors. Considering the vast and undulating lands of the city under study, the highest level of crops is devoted to wheat and rapeseed cultivation, and due to the surplus of harvest, it is possible to set up a rapeseed oil factory, a pasta, cake and biscuit production factory in this city. There is also a garden in Izeh city with a very suitable capacity for planting and processing olives. In the livestock department, the city under study is one of the first three cities in Khuzestan province in the area of breeding and production of light livestock, which, by using breeding, increases milking rate, increases twinning, increases volume, and strengthens genes. , follow the desired production of annual wool and increase the quality of meat. It should be noted that the formation of businesses dependent on agricultural products depends on conditions such as amending laws and regulations, providing banking facilities, and finding suitable locations.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132203_7e79b6f3c23deec2fdf436526af2a917.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Investigating Presentation of a Social Entrepreneurship Model in Rural Tourism (Case Study: Piran Village in Sarpol-e Zahab County) Investigating Presentation of a Social Entrepreneurship Model in Rural Tourism (Case Study: Piran Village in Sarpol-e Zahab County) 155 190 132201 10.30490/rvt.2025.367372.1643 FA M. Ayeneh Ph.D. Student of Entrepreneurship, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-6380-8790 N. Naderi Assistant Professor of Educational Management, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-3346-7032 E. Khosravi Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-4143-090X Journal Article 2025 01 20 Abstract Introduction Social entrepreneurship in the rural tourism industry is a novel approach that aims to create social and environmental values alongside economic profit. This type of entrepreneurship can contribute to the sustainable development of local communities and improve their living conditions by establishing local businesses, increasing job creation and income generation, and preserving indigenous culture and traditions. Social entrepreneurs can also develop sustainable and environmentally friendly projects that help conserve natural resources enhance cultural identity, and raiseawareness among local communities about the importance of sustainable tourism. Ultimately, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism can facilitate the creation of sustainable jobs, preserve local culture, improve the quality of life for the community, and attract tourists to authentic and indigenous experiences. The aim of this research is to present a model of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism. Materials and Methods This qualitative study is based on applied research objectives and involves descriptive data collection. The research involved reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies to identify indicators of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism. The study population included scientific resources related to social entrepreneurship and rural tourism from 2010 to 2022, resulting in the selection of 31 relevant articles out of 52. The Delphi method was used with a statistical population of experts in entrepreneurship and tourism. Sample selection in content analysis was purposive, focusing on texts most relevant to the research topic. Thirteen specialists in entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, and rural tourism were selected to respond to the Delphi questions. The study initially identified and analyzed indicators of social entrepreneurship through content analysis and then prioritized the most important dimensions in three rounds of the Delphi method. Data analysis involved subjective methods in content analysis and descriptive statistics such as counting, percentages, and averages in the Delphi method to analyze questionnaire and interview data. The identified indicators in the Delphi phase were confirmed or rejected based on expert agreement. Results and Discussion The study results reveal that the model of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism consists of 10 components and 50 indicators. The identified components include creating social value, economic sustainability, environmental protection, providing job opportunities, skill development, collaboration with stakeholders, attention to local culture, creativity and innovation, participatory management, and infrastructure development. Conclusions Social entrepreneurship in rural tourism is an effective tool for the sustainable development of local communities. This approach helps create sustainable jobs, increase residents' income, preserve the environment and local culture, and foster a sense of belonging and participation. By focusing on community needs and optimizing resource use, social entrepreneurship promotes sustainable tourist attraction and enhances the quality of life in rural areas. Abstract Introduction Social entrepreneurship in the rural tourism industry is a novel approach that aims to create social and environmental values alongside economic profit. This type of entrepreneurship can contribute to the sustainable development of local communities and improve their living conditions by establishing local businesses, increasing job creation and income generation, and preserving indigenous culture and traditions. Social entrepreneurs can also develop sustainable and environmentally friendly projects that help conserve natural resources enhance cultural identity, and raiseawareness among local communities about the importance of sustainable tourism. Ultimately, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism can facilitate the creation of sustainable jobs, preserve local culture, improve the quality of life for the community, and attract tourists to authentic and indigenous experiences. The aim of this research is to present a model of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism. Materials and Methods This qualitative study is based on applied research objectives and involves descriptive data collection. The research involved reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies to identify indicators of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism. The study population included scientific resources related to social entrepreneurship and rural tourism from 2010 to 2022, resulting in the selection of 31 relevant articles out of 52. The Delphi method was used with a statistical population of experts in entrepreneurship and tourism. Sample selection in content analysis was purposive, focusing on texts most relevant to the research topic. Thirteen specialists in entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, and rural tourism were selected to respond to the Delphi questions. The study initially identified and analyzed indicators of social entrepreneurship through content analysis and then prioritized the most important dimensions in three rounds of the Delphi method. Data analysis involved subjective methods in content analysis and descriptive statistics such as counting, percentages, and averages in the Delphi method to analyze questionnaire and interview data. The identified indicators in the Delphi phase were confirmed or rejected based on expert agreement. Results and Discussion The study results reveal that the model of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism consists of 10 components and 50 indicators. The identified components include creating social value, economic sustainability, environmental protection, providing job opportunities, skill development, collaboration with stakeholders, attention to local culture, creativity and innovation, participatory management, and infrastructure development. Conclusions Social entrepreneurship in rural tourism is an effective tool for the sustainable development of local communities. This approach helps create sustainable jobs, increase residents' income, preserve the environment and local culture, and foster a sense of belonging and participation. By focusing on community needs and optimizing resource use, social entrepreneurship promotes sustainable tourist attraction and enhances the quality of life in rural areas.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132201_270290f0652d48dd7e14438a0dc33498.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Investigating the Obstacles, Limitations, and Solutions for Poplar Cultivation in Rural Areas of Gilan Province Investigating the Obstacles, Limitations, and Solutions for Poplar Cultivation in Rural Areas of Gilan Province 191 218 132207 10.30490/rvt.2025.367364.1642 FA F. Askari-Bozayeh Research Expert of Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran. and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Rasht, Iran 0000-0003-2808-726X S. Nosrati Expert of Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran. N. Salahi Moghadam Expert of Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zanjan, Iran. 0009-0003-2095-5963 Sh. Nobakht Haghighi Assistant Professor of Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran. 0000-0001-9229-4373 Journal Article 2025 01 11 Abstract Introduction Poplar is a forest species with significant economic and environmental importance, widely cultivated worldwide due to its adaptability to diverse climatic and soil conditions. In Iran, poplar cultivation has gained attention as a strategy to expand afforestation, prevent forest degradation, generate income, create jobs, and develop green spaces. Its characteristics, such as suitability for mass planting, rapid growth, and short harvesting cycles make it valuable. Despite a history of poplar wood production meeting wood and cellulose demands, recent policies like the forest breathing plan and restrictions on natural forest harvesting, combined with challenges in wood imports and price volatility, highlight the need to expand poplar cultivation. Current assessments show that existing poplar plantations in Iran do not meet industrial wood demands adequately. However, untapped potentials exist to bridge this gap. Gilan Province, with favorable natural, climatic, and human resources, is a key region for poplar cultivation. This study aims to identify obstacles, limitations, and potential solutions for enhancing poplar cultivation in rural areas of Gilan Province. Materials and Methods This qualitative study used thematic analysis based on the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and pioneers in poplar cultivation in Gilan Province until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was done using open, axial, and selective coding with the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis, and data credibility was ensured through member checking. Results and Discussion Conditions for poplar cultivation development include causal conditions like quality inputs, improved seedlings, government support, and suitable land; intervening conditions such as rent-seeking, corruption, poor local officials' performance, lack of transparent pricing, market challenges, and restrictive regulations; and contextual conditions like climate, soil, human capital, technical knowledge, variety selection, scientific planting, and market diversity. These factors influence the direction and extent of poplar cultivation development. Conclusions Expanding poplar cultivation can bringeconomic benefits to Gilan Province and the national economy, including increased returns, reduced wood imports, environmental preservation, and economic structure enhancement. Strategic interventions like applied research dissemination, education, technical support, transparent pricing, industry growth, land management, land allocation streamlining, private sector participation, professional associations, and legislative revisions are recommended for sustainable development in poplar cultivation. Abstract Introduction Poplar is a forest species with significant economic and environmental importance, widely cultivated worldwide due to its adaptability to diverse climatic and soil conditions. In Iran, poplar cultivation has gained attention as a strategy to expand afforestation, prevent forest degradation, generate income, create jobs, and develop green spaces. Its characteristics, such as suitability for mass planting, rapid growth, and short harvesting cycles make it valuable. Despite a history of poplar wood production meeting wood and cellulose demands, recent policies like the forest breathing plan and restrictions on natural forest harvesting, combined with challenges in wood imports and price volatility, highlight the need to expand poplar cultivation. Current assessments show that existing poplar plantations in Iran do not meet industrial wood demands adequately. However, untapped potentials exist to bridge this gap. Gilan Province, with favorable natural, climatic, and human resources, is a key region for poplar cultivation. This study aims to identify obstacles, limitations, and potential solutions for enhancing poplar cultivation in rural areas of Gilan Province. Materials and Methods This qualitative study used thematic analysis based on the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and pioneers in poplar cultivation in Gilan Province until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was done using open, axial, and selective coding with the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis, and data credibility was ensured through member checking. Results and Discussion Conditions for poplar cultivation development include causal conditions like quality inputs, improved seedlings, government support, and suitable land; intervening conditions such as rent-seeking, corruption, poor local officials' performance, lack of transparent pricing, market challenges, and restrictive regulations; and contextual conditions like climate, soil, human capital, technical knowledge, variety selection, scientific planting, and market diversity. These factors influence the direction and extent of poplar cultivation development. Conclusions Expanding poplar cultivation can bringeconomic benefits to Gilan Province and the national economy, including increased returns, reduced wood imports, environmental preservation, and economic structure enhancement. Strategic interventions like applied research dissemination, education, technical support, transparent pricing, industry growth, land management, land allocation streamlining, private sector participation, professional associations, and legislative revisions are recommended for sustainable development in poplar cultivation.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132207_5dc19622b310d65de22437acde10c7a0.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Investigating the Identification of Key Components of Managerial Competencies of Rural Dehyars Heads from the Perspective of Experts Investigating the Identification of Key Components of Managerial Competencies of Rural Dehyars Heads from the Perspective of Experts 219 240 132206 10.30490/rvt.2025.367401.1653 FA B. Imani Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0009-0008-2668-1170 M. Seidali Assistant Professor, Department of Geography & Tourism, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. 0000-0001-6954-3300 Journal Article 2025 02 25 Abstract Introduction Rural areas are crucial regions for communities and require effective management and governance. Competent managers are essential for implementing necessary measures in these areas. Changes in the contemporary world have impacted all aspects of societies, including rural communities. Various organizations have been established in villages to manage projects and facilities. However, inadequate managerial competence has led to neglect and mismanagement of programs in rural areas. Collaboration between governmental institutions, NGOs, universities, and others has been essential for rural development. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Dehyars" (village mayors) play a key role in managing rural affairs. Identifying and analyzing the managerial competencies of Dehyars is crucial for effective management in rural areas. Materials and Methods This study used a mixed-method approach to identify and explain the managerial competencies of rural Dehyars. Thematic analysis was initially conducted to identify key components of managerial competencies, followed by a quantitative survey to gather expert opinions on these components. Data collection methods included library studies, semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire. Experts in rural management, planning, public administration, and related fields participated in the study. Results and Discussion Qualitative thematic analysis identified 56 key themes, 20 integrating themes, and 4 overarching themes related to managerial competencies of Dehyars. The quantitative survey confirmed the importance of communication competence, strategic action competence, self-management competence, and global awareness competence among the identified components. Conclusions Dehyars in rural areas need to possess various competencies, including self-management, strategic action, communication, and global awareness competence. Capacity building and knowledge in policy-making are crucial for effective rural management. Communication skills are essential for resident participation and interaction. Media literacy and self-management competencies are also important for empowering Dehyars in rural areas. Abstract Introduction Rural areas are crucial regions for communities and require effective management and governance. Competent managers are essential for implementing necessary measures in these areas. Changes in the contemporary world have impacted all aspects of societies, including rural communities. Various organizations have been established in villages to manage projects and facilities. However, inadequate managerial competence has led to neglect and mismanagement of programs in rural areas. Collaboration between governmental institutions, NGOs, universities, and others has been essential for rural development. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Dehyars" (village mayors) play a key role in managing rural affairs. Identifying and analyzing the managerial competencies of Dehyars is crucial for effective management in rural areas. Materials and Methods This study used a mixed-method approach to identify and explain the managerial competencies of rural Dehyars. Thematic analysis was initially conducted to identify key components of managerial competencies, followed by a quantitative survey to gather expert opinions on these components. Data collection methods included library studies, semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire. Experts in rural management, planning, public administration, and related fields participated in the study. Results and Discussion Qualitative thematic analysis identified 56 key themes, 20 integrating themes, and 4 overarching themes related to managerial competencies of Dehyars. The quantitative survey confirmed the importance of communication competence, strategic action competence, self-management competence, and global awareness competence among the identified components. Conclusions Dehyars in rural areas need to possess various competencies, including self-management, strategic action, communication, and global awareness competence. Capacity building and knowledge in policy-making are crucial for effective rural management. Communication skills are essential for resident participation and interaction. Media literacy and self-management competencies are also important for empowering Dehyars in rural areas.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132206_292d0f1d6599932932ba56622d1a3c1a.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 27 4 2025 05 22 Assessing the Sustainability of Agricultural systems in Rurals of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces Assessing the Sustainability of Agricultural systems in Rurals of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces 241 262 132209 10.30490/rvt.2025.365108.1582 FA H. Barghi Professor in Geography and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0001-7855-7130 A. Hajarian Post PhD in Geography and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0003-4487-3586 Journal Article 2024 02 24 Abstract Introduction Upon examining the documents, reports, and plans related to exploitation systems, it becomes evident that the concept of exploitation systems, agricultural land ownership arrangements, and their implications extend to complex issues in development economics and approaches to social transformation, encompassing historical perspectives. The complexity of exploitation systems is attributed to internal factors, highlighting the multifaceted nature of their structure. The sustainability of agricultural exploitation systems in Iran is analyzed through economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This research aims to assess the sustainability of exploitation systems in the villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Materials and Methods This quantitative research is applied in nature and employs survey methods to collect descriptive data through interviews and questionnaires.the diversity of the population, the sample size for the study using Cochran's formula was a total of 750 operators. To compare two farming systems, the sample size was determined to be 380 smallholder farmers and 370 cooperative producers. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and its data was analyzed using the VIKOR model. A structured questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to gather information on personal details of respondents and dimensions of economic, social, and environmental sustainability indicators. The questionnaire utilized a 5-point Likert scale for responses. The statistical population comprises farmers in the villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, including small farmers and rural production cooperatives. Results and Discussion The sustainability of exploitation systems was evaluated based on the QI value, with lower values indicating higher desirability. The Vicor model results revealed that among 21 rural production cooperatives, 7 had high stability, 10 exhibited moderate stability, and 4 were unstable. In small farming exploitation systems, 2 villages were stable, 8 were moderately stable, and 11 were unstable. Systems with QI values closer to zero demonstrated better stability, while values approaching one indicated decreased stability. Conclusions The research focused on measuring the sustainability of smallholder exploitation systems and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, emphasizing economic, social, and environmental indicators. The Shannon entropy method was used to weigh the indicators, and the Vicor model analysis indicated varying levels of stability among cooperatives and villages. Seven cooperatives were deemed sustainable, 10 semi-stable, and 4 unstable. Similarly, in small farming systems, some villages were semi-sustainable while others were completely unstable. Abstract Introduction Upon examining the documents, reports, and plans related to exploitation systems, it becomes evident that the concept of exploitation systems, agricultural land ownership arrangements, and their implications extend to complex issues in development economics and approaches to social transformation, encompassing historical perspectives. The complexity of exploitation systems is attributed to internal factors, highlighting the multifaceted nature of their structure. The sustainability of agricultural exploitation systems in Iran is analyzed through economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This research aims to assess the sustainability of exploitation systems in the villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Materials and Methods This quantitative research is applied in nature and employs survey methods to collect descriptive data through interviews and questionnaires.the diversity of the population, the sample size for the study using Cochran's formula was a total of 750 operators. To compare two farming systems, the sample size was determined to be 380 smallholder farmers and 370 cooperative producers. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and its data was analyzed using the VIKOR model. A structured questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to gather information on personal details of respondents and dimensions of economic, social, and environmental sustainability indicators. The questionnaire utilized a 5-point Likert scale for responses. The statistical population comprises farmers in the villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, including small farmers and rural production cooperatives. Results and Discussion The sustainability of exploitation systems was evaluated based on the QI value, with lower values indicating higher desirability. The Vicor model results revealed that among 21 rural production cooperatives, 7 had high stability, 10 exhibited moderate stability, and 4 were unstable. In small farming exploitation systems, 2 villages were stable, 8 were moderately stable, and 11 were unstable. Systems with QI values closer to zero demonstrated better stability, while values approaching one indicated decreased stability. Conclusions The research focused on measuring the sustainability of smallholder exploitation systems and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, emphasizing economic, social, and environmental indicators. The Shannon entropy method was used to weigh the indicators, and the Vicor model analysis indicated varying levels of stability among cooperatives and villages. Seven cooperatives were deemed sustainable, 10 semi-stable, and 4 unstable. Similarly, in small farming systems, some villages were semi-sustainable while others were completely unstable.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_132209_d91a79ea915ded715db007ced8b4c2c8.pdf