Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 An Analysis of the Strategic Space of Apple Waste Management in the Supply Chain of Tehran Province An Analysis of the Strategic Space of Apple Waste Management in the Supply Chain of Tehran Province 1 24 128733 10.30490/rvt.2023.359571.1477 FA N. Mirzaie Gorji PhD Graduate, Department of Agricultural Development and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. H. Shabanali Fami Professor, Department of Agricultural Development and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-4885-0317 A. Asadi Professor, Department of Agricultural Development and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-2558-3690 A.A. Barati Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Development and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0003-0375-2331 M.A. Asgari Sarcheshmeh Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Journal Article 2022 08 01 Introduction The issue of agricultural product wastage poses a significant challenge to Iran's agriculture sector, particularly within the horticulture sub-sector. Much of this wastage along the supply chain is attributed to inadequate waste management practices. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop effective waste management strategies in the country. This study aims to analyze the strategic space of apple waste management within the supply chain of Tehran province. Materials and Methods This study employed a mixed research approach, combining semi-structured interviews and surveys. The target population consisted of experts in the apple supply chain, with 21 individuals purposefully selected for the study. Data was primarily collected through researcher-designed interviews and questionnaires. During field research on the apple supply chain in Tehran province, experts were interviewed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the chain. Subsequently, the strategic space of the chain was analyzed using SWOT analysis methodology, leading to the formulation of improvement strategies. Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that the apple supply chain exhibits numerous weaknesses and threats, predominantly characterized by a defensive strategic orientation (WT) with a final weight of 0.41. Analysis of the internal environment revealed that weaknesses outweigh strengths. Similarly, external threats surpass opportunities. Experts identified the ability to maintain high shelf life of apples at the household level as the supply chain's most significant strength. Conversely, the lack of experienced managers and associates in value and supply chains emerged as a critical weakness, underscoring the pivotal role of management in enhancing chain performance and efficiency. The favorable climate for cultivating quality apples represents a key opportunity, while underdeveloped supply and value chains, along with their instability, pose significant threats. Priority strategies proposed by experts include increasing the export share of apples in the agricultural sector, training competent managers in apple value and supply chains, and enhancing and integrating existing organizations. Based on the prioritized strategies and the emphasis on defensive or fallback strategies (WT), it is imperative to adopt defensive measures to create room for implementing contingency and competitive policies, and ultimately growth and development strategies, aimed at enhancing the apple supply chain while addressing waste management concerns. Considering the current circumstances, the initial step involves establishing a sustainable supply chain and value chain, facilitated by collaboration among relevant government and private sectors, as well as stakeholders within the chain. This entails recruiting skilled managers and trained personnel to oversee the integration of chain structure and management. Conclusions Given the apple supply chain's weak points, the initial focus is on addressing these weaknesses to leverage existing opportunities and mitigate external threats. Recommendations include creating a sustainable supply chain, integrating relevant stakeholders, offering training courses on waste reduction and marketing, and facilitating export growth through macro-level policies aligned with product quality and market dynamics.act Introduction The issue of agricultural product wastage poses a significant challenge to Iran's agriculture sector, particularly within the horticulture sub-sector. Much of this wastage along the supply chain is attributed to inadequate waste management practices. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop effective waste management strategies in the country. This study aims to analyze the strategic space of apple waste management within the supply chain of Tehran province. Materials and Methods This study employed a mixed research approach, combining semi-structured interviews and surveys. The target population consisted of experts in the apple supply chain, with 21 individuals purposefully selected for the study. Data was primarily collected through researcher-designed interviews and questionnaires. During field research on the apple supply chain in Tehran province, experts were interviewed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the chain. Subsequently, the strategic space of the chain was analyzed using SWOT analysis methodology, leading to the formulation of improvement strategies. Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that the apple supply chain exhibits numerous weaknesses and threats, predominantly characterized by a defensive strategic orientation (WT) with a final weight of 0.41. Analysis of the internal environment revealed that weaknesses outweigh strengths. Similarly, external threats surpass opportunities. Experts identified the ability to maintain high shelf life of apples at the household level as the supply chain's most significant strength. Conversely, the lack of experienced managers and associates in value and supply chains emerged as a critical weakness, underscoring the pivotal role of management in enhancing chain performance and efficiency. The favorable climate for cultivating quality apples represents a key opportunity, while underdeveloped supply and value chains, along with their instability, pose significant threats. Priority strategies proposed by experts include increasing the export share of apples in the agricultural sector, training competent managers in apple value and supply chains, and enhancing and integrating existing organizations. Based on the prioritized strategies and the emphasis on defensive or fallback strategies (WT), it is imperative to adopt defensive measures to create room for implementing contingency and competitive policies, and ultimately growth and development strategies, aimed at enhancing the apple supply chain while addressing waste management concerns. Considering the current circumstances, the initial step involves establishing a sustainable supply chain and value chain, facilitated by collaboration among relevant government and private sectors, as well as stakeholders within the chain. This entails recruiting skilled managers and trained personnel to oversee the integration of chain structure and management. Conclusions Given the apple supply chain's weak points, the initial focus is on addressing these weaknesses to leverage existing opportunities and mitigate external threats. Recommendations include creating a sustainable supply chain, integrating relevant stakeholders, offering training courses on waste reduction and marketing, and facilitating export growth through macro-level policies aligned with product quality and market dynamics.act

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_128733_015bca677a98aab6fb9e41de757a5369.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Delineation of the challenges of rural development policy in Kurdistan province with emphasis on empowerment and role-playing in the realization of Kurdistan province's strategic document on landuse planning Delineation of the challenges of rural development policy in Kurdistan province with emphasis on empowerment and role-playing in the realization of Kurdistan province's strategic document on landuse planning 25 64 129598 10.30490/rvt.2023.361364.1511 FA S. Manoochehri PhD Student of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Y. Ghanbari Associate Professor of Rural Planning, Department of Rural Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. H. Barghi Associate Professor of Rural Planning, Department of Rural Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0001-7855-7130 Journal Article 2023 01 30 strategies and consequences, and finally, drawing the final model of the policy challenges of the rural development of the province with emphasis on role-playing in the direction of the strategic document of the province. Considering the multiplicity of actors and the complexity and interconnectedness of the broad scene of rural development, regional development and documents with a spatial nature such as the land use document, the findings showed that the distance from the regional development policy based on integrated space management (with emphasis on the strategic document of land use province), inappropriate quality of rural development policies, problems of the policy-making process (problem analysis, decision-making and formulation of policies), inadequate knowledge and personal mentality of development policy makers and weakness in rural governance based on the old regionalism, rationalist and sectoral policymaking in the rural development of the province, the most important challenges and the necessity of reforming the process, content and quality of policymaking based on the new regionalism, integrated rural development and creation as well as organization of rare development space, are necessary to correct the existing unfavorable situation. On this basis, moving in the direction of organizing the development space of the province and building sustainable regional development based on the role of rural areas in its geographical space, requires a systemic vision and integrated, synergistic management in the structure and process of development policy. strategies and consequences, and finally, drawing the final model of the policy challenges of the rural development of the province with emphasis on role-playing in the direction of the strategic document of the province. Considering the multiplicity of actors and the complexity and interconnectedness of the broad scene of rural development, regional development and documents with a spatial nature such as the land use document, the findings showed that the distance from the regional development policy based on integrated space management (with emphasis on the strategic document of land use province), inappropriate quality of rural development policies, problems of the policy-making process (problem analysis, decision-making and formulation of policies), inadequate knowledge and personal mentality of development policy makers and weakness in rural governance based on the old regionalism, rationalist and sectoral policymaking in the rural development of the province, the most important challenges and the necessity of reforming the process, content and quality of policymaking based on the new regionalism, integrated rural development and creation as well as organization of rare development space, are necessary to correct the existing unfavorable situation. On this basis, moving in the direction of organizing the development space of the province and building sustainable regional development based on the role of rural areas in its geographical space, requires a systemic vision and integrated, synergistic management in the structure and process of development policy.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129598_01f0188e9508b05e92de99679782bc05.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Factors affecting livelihood Vulnerability of Farmers in Rural Areas of Southern Bakhtegan Lake Factors affecting livelihood Vulnerability of Farmers in Rural Areas of Southern Bakhtegan Lake 65 90 129698 10.30490/rvt.2023.362242.1525 FA F. Ardali PhD Student of Agricultural Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0009-0003-0394-3573 M.H. Tarazkar Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0001-9585-4460 F. Nasrniya Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Z. Shokoohi Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0003-2160-1318 Journal Article 2023 05 09 Introduction Predictions indicated that the quality of household’s life, especially rural households is decreasing according to the change in social factors, lifestyle, political tensions, and population growth. Climate change and drought have aggravated the problem of undernourishment. Considering that the agricultural sector is the most important source of livelihood and food supply for households living in rural areas, the effects of drought on rural household’s income and production are significant. Also, severe drought and water shortages caused by drought, reduced the productivity of agricultural production. Hence, in the present study, the vulnerability of the agricultural households as well as the village of the studied region has been measured using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). Also, the impact of various social and economic factors on the vulnerability of households was investigated using the Beta regression model. Materials and Methods The LVI was designed to evaluate households’ vulnerability to climatic fluctuation. The LVI method includes various factors that represent the level of exposure of farming households to climate variability, because it provides a framework for analyzing both the key components that make up livelihoods and the contextual factors that influence them. According to the concept of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a balance-weighted technique was used to estimate the vulnerability of farming households to changing climate by computing the LVI. A balance weighted average is the average of a data set with different associated values or weights. In addition, LVI in this study was calculated based on seven key components and 17 sub-components. Also, the value of the calculated LVI was classified into five groups: not vulnerable (0.0 to 0.30), slightly vulnerable (0.31 to 0.46), moderately vulnerable (0.47 to 0.51), highly vulnerable (0.52 to 0.60), and extremely vulnerable (0.61 to 1.0). Based on the Kochran formula, a sample of 350 farmers was determined, and required data and information were collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in 2022. The LVI is a function of the demographic, social, physical, and policy environment. Therefore, the determinants of LVI were investigated, with an emphasis on climate change using the Beta regression model. Results and Discussion Results of LVI showed that 43% of the sampled households in the study area were slightly vulnerable to climate fluctuation. On the other hand, only 6.8% of farming households in southern Bakhtegan Lake were not vulnerable. Also, 22.8% and 23.42% of sampled farming households were moderately and highly vulnerable, respectively. In general, more than 3.4% of sampled households were extremely vulnerable. The results of the Beta regression model showed that the age of the household head, family size, education level of the household head, access to climate information, membership in the cooperatives, off-farm income, and also receiving a bank loan have a significant effect on the vulnerability of rural households. Conclusions In the present study, the LVI was used to evaluate households’ vulnerability to climatic fluctuation, based on the IPCC’s concept of vulnerability. Based on the value of calculated LVI, the sampled farming households’ vulnerability is classified into five groups containing not vulnerable, slightly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, highly vulnerable, and extremely vulnerable. Also, an econometric estimation procedure that involves the use of Beta regression model was employed to identify the factors affecting the LVI. The result shows that 50% of the sample households were slightly vulnerable or not vulnerable. The LVI showed that the vulnerability of farming households in southern Bakhtegan Lake to climatic fluctuation ranges from extremely vulnerable (3.4%) to highly vulnerable (22.8%) and moderately vulnerable (23.42%) levels. According to the positive effect of age on LVI, the government can consider households with a younger head of the household as the target group. Also, it is suggested to provide information about the occurrence of climatic phenomena through virtual channels and other information sources. Considering the impact of LVI from off-farm income, it is suggested that households engage in off-farm activities. Introduction Predictions indicated that the quality of household’s life, especially rural households is decreasing according to the change in social factors, lifestyle, political tensions, and population growth. Climate change and drought have aggravated the problem of undernourishment. Considering that the agricultural sector is the most important source of livelihood and food supply for households living in rural areas, the effects of drought on rural household’s income and production are significant. Also, severe drought and water shortages caused by drought, reduced the productivity of agricultural production. Hence, in the present study, the vulnerability of the agricultural households as well as the village of the studied region has been measured using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). Also, the impact of various social and economic factors on the vulnerability of households was investigated using the Beta regression model. Materials and Methods The LVI was designed to evaluate households’ vulnerability to climatic fluctuation. The LVI method includes various factors that represent the level of exposure of farming households to climate variability, because it provides a framework for analyzing both the key components that make up livelihoods and the contextual factors that influence them. According to the concept of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a balance-weighted technique was used to estimate the vulnerability of farming households to changing climate by computing the LVI. A balance weighted average is the average of a data set with different associated values or weights. In addition, LVI in this study was calculated based on seven key components and 17 sub-components. Also, the value of the calculated LVI was classified into five groups: not vulnerable (0.0 to 0.30), slightly vulnerable (0.31 to 0.46), moderately vulnerable (0.47 to 0.51), highly vulnerable (0.52 to 0.60), and extremely vulnerable (0.61 to 1.0). Based on the Kochran formula, a sample of 350 farmers was determined, and required data and information were collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in 2022. The LVI is a function of the demographic, social, physical, and policy environment. Therefore, the determinants of LVI were investigated, with an emphasis on climate change using the Beta regression model. Results and Discussion Results of LVI showed that 43% of the sampled households in the study area were slightly vulnerable to climate fluctuation. On the other hand, only 6.8% of farming households in southern Bakhtegan Lake were not vulnerable. Also, 22.8% and 23.42% of sampled farming households were moderately and highly vulnerable, respectively. In general, more than 3.4% of sampled households were extremely vulnerable. The results of the Beta regression model showed that the age of the household head, family size, education level of the household head, access to climate information, membership in the cooperatives, off-farm income, and also receiving a bank loan have a significant effect on the vulnerability of rural households. Conclusions In the present study, the LVI was used to evaluate households’ vulnerability to climatic fluctuation, based on the IPCC’s concept of vulnerability. Based on the value of calculated LVI, the sampled farming households’ vulnerability is classified into five groups containing not vulnerable, slightly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, highly vulnerable, and extremely vulnerable. Also, an econometric estimation procedure that involves the use of Beta regression model was employed to identify the factors affecting the LVI. The result shows that 50% of the sample households were slightly vulnerable or not vulnerable. The LVI showed that the vulnerability of farming households in southern Bakhtegan Lake to climatic fluctuation ranges from extremely vulnerable (3.4%) to highly vulnerable (22.8%) and moderately vulnerable (23.42%) levels. According to the positive effect of age on LVI, the government can consider households with a younger head of the household as the target group. Also, it is suggested to provide information about the occurrence of climatic phenomena through virtual channels and other information sources. Considering the impact of LVI from off-farm income, it is suggested that households engage in off-farm activities.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129698_ec4668b75aadd8ddccaf2d3dada94e20.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Investigating the Role of Sense of Place in the Resilience of Rural Households in Drought Conditions in Dorud City Investigating the Role of Sense of Place in the Resilience of Rural Households in Drought Conditions in Dorud City 91 122 128493 10.30490/rvt.2021.354120.1342 FA M. Savari Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran. 0000-0002-1760-8296 L. Barfizadeh PhD Student, Department of Extension, Communication and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. F. Razmavar MSc in Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran. Journal Article 2021 04 07 Introduction Today, the occurrence of severe accidents and disasters related to climate change is increasing in the world. In the face of challenges and crises caused by global changes and the intensification of human activities, how to deal with various changes and maintain the vitality of one's development is a very important issue. Among the wide range of risks that human societies are exposed to, drought is one of the most important natural disasters that has had severe and sometimes catastrophic effects on human vital activities all over the world since the beginning of human civilization. Because drought covers a wider geographical area, it is more complex than other natural disasters and affects more people. Among its effects, we can mention the reduction of agricultural products, reduction of production efficiency, soil erosion, and lack of food and increase of hunger in the affected areas. Frequent droughts in the past have severely reduced the resilience of rural households due to the lack of comprehensive risk reduction systems, and depending on rainfed agriculture in rural Iran it has increased the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, it is necessary to use the capabilities of local communities to increase their resilience in drought conditions. This study was conducted with the general purpose of the investigating the role of sense of place in the resilience of rural households in drought conditions. Materials and Methods The statistical population of the study included all rural households - farmers of Dorud city. Sample size was selected for the study using Krejci and Morgan table of 375 heads of households. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and LISREL software. Results and Discussion The results of grouping rural households showed that they are not in a good position in terms of spatial belonging and resilience. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of sense of place with a coefficient of explanation of 64% (γ = 0.80, t = 9.85) have a positive and significant effect on the sense of resilience of rural households in drought conditions. The results of this study can provide new insights for rural development policy makers in reducing migration to urban areas. In this regard, it is suggested to improve the existing methods of animal husbandry and agriculture by providing technical, educational and extension services, and providing appropriate grounds for increasing resilience and a sense of belonging in rural households. Conclusions The results of this research showed that the past droughts have lowered the resilience level of rural households and they have become extremely vulnerable. The loss of resilience can further increase the migration of rural households. But one of the important solutions in the field of capacity building of local communities is to use the potential of rural households' sense of belonging. Rural households believe that if the environment can meet their needs, they would not be willing to leave their place of living easily. Therefore, it is suggested to provide proper support to rural households in drought conditions to provide them with a basis for sustainability. Introduction Today, the occurrence of severe accidents and disasters related to climate change is increasing in the world. In the face of challenges and crises caused by global changes and the intensification of human activities, how to deal with various changes and maintain the vitality of one's development is a very important issue. Among the wide range of risks that human societies are exposed to, drought is one of the most important natural disasters that has had severe and sometimes catastrophic effects on human vital activities all over the world since the beginning of human civilization. Because drought covers a wider geographical area, it is more complex than other natural disasters and affects more people. Among its effects, we can mention the reduction of agricultural products, reduction of production efficiency, soil erosion, and lack of food and increase of hunger in the affected areas. Frequent droughts in the past have severely reduced the resilience of rural households due to the lack of comprehensive risk reduction systems, and depending on rainfed agriculture in rural Iran it has increased the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, it is necessary to use the capabilities of local communities to increase their resilience in drought conditions. This study was conducted with the general purpose of the investigating the role of sense of place in the resilience of rural households in drought conditions. Materials and Methods The statistical population of the study included all rural households - farmers of Dorud city. Sample size was selected for the study using Krejci and Morgan table of 375 heads of households. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and LISREL software. Results and Discussion The results of grouping rural households showed that they are not in a good position in terms of spatial belonging and resilience. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of sense of place with a coefficient of explanation of 64% (γ = 0.80, t = 9.85) have a positive and significant effect on the sense of resilience of rural households in drought conditions. The results of this study can provide new insights for rural development policy makers in reducing migration to urban areas. In this regard, it is suggested to improve the existing methods of animal husbandry and agriculture by providing technical, educational and extension services, and providing appropriate grounds for increasing resilience and a sense of belonging in rural households. Conclusions The results of this research showed that the past droughts have lowered the resilience level of rural households and they have become extremely vulnerable. The loss of resilience can further increase the migration of rural households. But one of the important solutions in the field of capacity building of local communities is to use the potential of rural households' sense of belonging. Rural households believe that if the environment can meet their needs, they would not be willing to leave their place of living easily. Therefore, it is suggested to provide proper support to rural households in drought conditions to provide them with a basis for sustainability.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_128493_f357d7d1d9294ec666532a4980bb5391.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Investigating the Performance of the Rural Guide Plan and the Level of Satisfaction with Its Implementation from the Villagers' Point of View (Case Study: Central District of Zahedan Township) Investigating the Performance of the Rural Guide Plan and the Level of Satisfaction with Its Implementation from the Villagers' Point of View (Case Study: Central District of Zahedan Township) 123 148 129594 10.30490/rvt.2023.356620.1418 FA S.H. Tayebnia Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. 0000-0002-4689-0550 M.R. Behzadi MSc in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Journal Article 2021 11 07 Introduction In the villages of Zahedan Township, there is a lack of facilities and services for education, health and so on, along with inadequate rural passages and inadequate rural housing in the face of natural disasters and consequently we face increased migration from the village to the city. Accordingly, during the years, the preparation and implementation of a rural conductor plan has been proposed as one of the solutions to reduce these problems in these villages. On the one hand, despite the widespread implementation of conductor plans in recent years and its goals, its effects appear to be less than expected and limited to changes in the physical context and less so in economic and social factors. On the other hand, due to the activities carried out by the Housing Foundation of Zahedan province and city in rural areas, especially in the central part of Zahedan, no evaluation of the services provided and the strengths and the weaknesses of these plans have not been investigated. Based on this issue, the purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of the implementation of rural guidance projects in the villages of the central part of Zahedan city and to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the villagers with its implementation. Materials and Methods The research method in this research is based on descriptive-analytical methods with survey approach. Information about the theoretical foundations and literature of the research was collected through documentary method and field data through a questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire, the issue, research problem, research purpose and socioeconomic conditions of the study area were considered. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by university professors, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation experts, and Zahedan Central Provincial Staff. Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.84. The statistical population of the study consists of 2623 villages in the central part of Zahedan city, out of which 5 villages with conductive plan were selected and excluded from the populated villages. The method of selection of the villages under study was selective and judgmental and used criteria such as population (in terms of population) and time of project implementation (5 years or more). To estimate the sample size, 335 villagers were selected by Cochran formula with 95% confidence level and 5% error probability by simple random sampling. After data collection and processing, SPSS, EXELL and ArcGIS software were used to analyze the data in the study area using one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis. Results and Discussion Among the economic indicators, direct and indirect employment (2.63) had the highest performance and investment components in the village and the production of production units in the village had the lowest (2.40 and 2.49, respectively). In general, the results show that all economic indicators are below average and undesirable at the target level. Among the social indicators, the components of educational facilities in the village and the reduction of rural migration with the mean of 2.62 and 2.46 had the highest performance and the components of participation in the preparation of the conductor plan and the goals of the project were in line with the villagers' expectations, respectively. They have the lowest performance with averages of 2.37 and 2.39. In general, the results show that all social indicators are below average and undesirable at the desired level. Among the physical indices, the components of absorption of infrastructure facilities and services and compliance with the technical requirements of the project in construction with the mean of 2.54 and 2.48 have the highest performance and the components of the status of the design of the water supply and disposal network, respectively. The squares have the lowest yields with the mean of 2.27 and 2.20, respectively. In general, the results show that all physical indices are below average and undesirable at the target range. One sample t-test was used to evaluate the performance of conductor design in socioeconomic and physical dimensions of the study area. Physical performance with average of 2.31 had the lowest performance. Overall average conductor design performance was lower than average among study villages and has been shown to be undesirable. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test to measure people's satisfaction in the five studied villages showed that the average of people's satisfaction in the studied villages was not the same and there were significant differences. According to the results, people's satisfaction with the performance of rural guide plan in Sefidsang village with average of 202.30 is higher than other villages. Also, the residents of Shah Moradabad village have the least satisfaction with the implementation of the rural guide plan with an average rating of 100. Conclusions Among the economic indicators, direct and indirect employment creation has the highest performance and the components of investment in the village and creation of productive units in the village have the lowest performance. From the social point of view of the respondent, the main effect of the conductor plan was on the components such as the existence of educational facilities in the village and the reduction of rural migration and the least impact on the components of participation in the preparation of the conductor plan and the project goals were in line with the villagers' expectations. In terms of physical impacts from the perspective of individuals, the conductor design had the greatest impact on the components such as attracting infrastructure facilities and services and observing the technical requirements of the design in construction and had the least impact on the components of the design status of the water disposal network and the layout and squares. In general, the results showed that the performance of the conductor plan in all dimensions was lower than the average in the studied villages, which indicates the dissatisfaction of the villagers. Introduction In the villages of Zahedan Township, there is a lack of facilities and services for education, health and so on, along with inadequate rural passages and inadequate rural housing in the face of natural disasters and consequently we face increased migration from the village to the city. Accordingly, during the years, the preparation and implementation of a rural conductor plan has been proposed as one of the solutions to reduce these problems in these villages. On the one hand, despite the widespread implementation of conductor plans in recent years and its goals, its effects appear to be less than expected and limited to changes in the physical context and less so in economic and social factors. On the other hand, due to the activities carried out by the Housing Foundation of Zahedan province and city in rural areas, especially in the central part of Zahedan, no evaluation of the services provided and the strengths and the weaknesses of these plans have not been investigated. Based on this issue, the purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of the implementation of rural guidance projects in the villages of the central part of Zahedan city and to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the villagers with its implementation. Materials and Methods The research method in this research is based on descriptive-analytical methods with survey approach. Information about the theoretical foundations and literature of the research was collected through documentary method and field data through a questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire, the issue, research problem, research purpose and socioeconomic conditions of the study area were considered. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by university professors, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation experts, and Zahedan Central Provincial Staff. Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.84. The statistical population of the study consists of 2623 villages in the central part of Zahedan city, out of which 5 villages with conductive plan were selected and excluded from the populated villages. The method of selection of the villages under study was selective and judgmental and used criteria such as population (in terms of population) and time of project implementation (5 years or more). To estimate the sample size, 335 villagers were selected by Cochran formula with 95% confidence level and 5% error probability by simple random sampling. After data collection and processing, SPSS, EXELL and ArcGIS software were used to analyze the data in the study area using one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis. Results and Discussion Among the economic indicators, direct and indirect employment (2.63) had the highest performance and investment components in the village and the production of production units in the village had the lowest (2.40 and 2.49, respectively). In general, the results show that all economic indicators are below average and undesirable at the target level. Among the social indicators, the components of educational facilities in the village and the reduction of rural migration with the mean of 2.62 and 2.46 had the highest performance and the components of participation in the preparation of the conductor plan and the goals of the project were in line with the villagers' expectations, respectively. They have the lowest performance with averages of 2.37 and 2.39. In general, the results show that all social indicators are below average and undesirable at the desired level. Among the physical indices, the components of absorption of infrastructure facilities and services and compliance with the technical requirements of the project in construction with the mean of 2.54 and 2.48 have the highest performance and the components of the status of the design of the water supply and disposal network, respectively. The squares have the lowest yields with the mean of 2.27 and 2.20, respectively. In general, the results show that all physical indices are below average and undesirable at the target range. One sample t-test was used to evaluate the performance of conductor design in socioeconomic and physical dimensions of the study area. Physical performance with average of 2.31 had the lowest performance. Overall average conductor design performance was lower than average among study villages and has been shown to be undesirable. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test to measure people's satisfaction in the five studied villages showed that the average of people's satisfaction in the studied villages was not the same and there were significant differences. According to the results, people's satisfaction with the performance of rural guide plan in Sefidsang village with average of 202.30 is higher than other villages. Also, the residents of Shah Moradabad village have the least satisfaction with the implementation of the rural guide plan with an average rating of 100. Conclusions Among the economic indicators, direct and indirect employment creation has the highest performance and the components of investment in the village and creation of productive units in the village have the lowest performance. From the social point of view of the respondent, the main effect of the conductor plan was on the components such as the existence of educational facilities in the village and the reduction of rural migration and the least impact on the components of participation in the preparation of the conductor plan and the project goals were in line with the villagers' expectations. In terms of physical impacts from the perspective of individuals, the conductor design had the greatest impact on the components such as attracting infrastructure facilities and services and observing the technical requirements of the design in construction and had the least impact on the components of the design status of the water disposal network and the layout and squares. In general, the results showed that the performance of the conductor plan in all dimensions was lower than the average in the studied villages, which indicates the dissatisfaction of the villagers.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129594_51b67b2885f849894721232a6bf6d273.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Assessing the Resilience of Tourism Businesses against the Drought of Lake Urmia (Case Study: Coastal Villages of Shabestar City) Assessing the Resilience of Tourism Businesses against the Drought of Lake Urmia (Case Study: Coastal Villages of Shabestar City) 149 172 129596 10.30490/rvt.2023.361506.1515 FA K. Khodapanah Assistant professor of the Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3834-2335 S. Mohammadi Associate professor of the Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 02 11 Introduction Rural business is one of the types of businesses that nowadays, due to the reconstruction of functional patterns of many rural areas and also the design of new tourism businesses in rural areas is one of the most dynamic aspects of entrepreneurship. Activities that are formed in tourism destinations with goals such as improving livelihoods and economic well-being sound to be the best ways to deal with these risks of economic shocks and imbalances to improve their resilience. Resilience is the capacity of society to withstand risks and abnormal conditions and return to normal conditions. Considering that tourism is an important and dominant economic sector in some countries and some destinations are dependent on this sector for growth and survival, relying on this sector has put a lot of pressure on tourism managers and planners in order to protect the business and the tourism community against crises and disasters and has led to the presentation of strategic plans to deal with its possible consequences. Therefore, in an important and growing economic activity such as tourism, it is necessary to understand and recognize the dimensions of the accident and crisis and to examine strategies to stop or limit its consequences. In this regard, business resilience and resilience planning are a comprehensive approach. To realize the development of tourist communities and reduce the possibility of instability caused by the occurrence of disruptive conditions in the normal process of these businesses, the most common perspective of resilience in tourism is on the marketing of the tourism industry and the number of incoming tourists to the destination due to the rapid change of variables caused by unexpected or predictable events and its impact on the economy and tourism businesses. In fact, the resilience of tourism may pay attention to the changes in social, environmental and economic variables that make up tourism in an integrated way, but the ultimate goal of paying attention to it should be to create the resilience of businesses related to these variables against external fragile events. Materials and Methods The current research is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of survey-based method. The data collection tool for each item was through a questionnaire. The required variables of this research were selected using the study of reliable scientific sources and field study from the study area. In this research, the questions related to the variables of the questionnaire are set using a 5-option Likert scale from very high to very low. The unit of analysis in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in the rural areas around Urmia Lake in Shabestar city. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a number of 30 questionnaires were distributed in the region and the reliability coefficient of resilience was estimated at 0.87, which indicates that the mentioned questionnaire has adequate reliability. Also, based on Cochran's sampling formula, the sample size was 350 people from business owners related to the tourism sector. The data needed for the research was also collected through a simple random sampling method. Results and Discussion The descriptive findings of the research, based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size, indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of respondents was 156 people in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. One sample t-test was used to investigate the resilience of villages in four dimensions. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience of the villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert spectrum, so it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a low level of resilience. According to the results of the one-sided t-test, the average of social capital dimension was 2.11, economic 1.22, human capital 2.16, and management institution 1.23. The significance level of all the indicators is lower than the test error level of 5% and the average of all dimensions are not at the optimal level and this issue is effective in reducing the resilience of the studied villages. Conclusions The results of the research based on the one-sided t-test indicate that the general situation of resilience is not very favorable. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience status of the studied villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a very low level of resilience. Dimensions of resilience from the villagers' point of view have different averages, so that the highest average is related to the institutional and human capital (2.16) and the lowest average is related to the economic dimension (1.22). The stratification of the 7 studied villages based on Mirka's decision-making technique shows that based on the score (Q) Ali Biglo, Qara Tapeh and Kafi al-Mulk villages are at the medium resilience level, Sheikh Wali and Koushak villages are at the low resilience level and Haft Cheshme and Maraghosh Qala villages are at a very low level of resilience. Introduction Rural business is one of the types of businesses that nowadays, due to the reconstruction of functional patterns of many rural areas and also the design of new tourism businesses in rural areas is one of the most dynamic aspects of entrepreneurship. Activities that are formed in tourism destinations with goals such as improving livelihoods and economic well-being sound to be the best ways to deal with these risks of economic shocks and imbalances to improve their resilience. Resilience is the capacity of society to withstand risks and abnormal conditions and return to normal conditions. Considering that tourism is an important and dominant economic sector in some countries and some destinations are dependent on this sector for growth and survival, relying on this sector has put a lot of pressure on tourism managers and planners in order to protect the business and the tourism community against crises and disasters and has led to the presentation of strategic plans to deal with its possible consequences. Therefore, in an important and growing economic activity such as tourism, it is necessary to understand and recognize the dimensions of the accident and crisis and to examine strategies to stop or limit its consequences. In this regard, business resilience and resilience planning are a comprehensive approach. To realize the development of tourist communities and reduce the possibility of instability caused by the occurrence of disruptive conditions in the normal process of these businesses, the most common perspective of resilience in tourism is on the marketing of the tourism industry and the number of incoming tourists to the destination due to the rapid change of variables caused by unexpected or predictable events and its impact on the economy and tourism businesses. In fact, the resilience of tourism may pay attention to the changes in social, environmental and economic variables that make up tourism in an integrated way, but the ultimate goal of paying attention to it should be to create the resilience of businesses related to these variables against external fragile events. Materials and Methods The current research is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of survey-based method. The data collection tool for each item was through a questionnaire. The required variables of this research were selected using the study of reliable scientific sources and field study from the study area. In this research, the questions related to the variables of the questionnaire are set using a 5-option Likert scale from very high to very low. The unit of analysis in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in the rural areas around Urmia Lake in Shabestar city. In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a number of 30 questionnaires were distributed in the region and the reliability coefficient of resilience was estimated at 0.87, which indicates that the mentioned questionnaire has adequate reliability. Also, based on Cochran's sampling formula, the sample size was 350 people from business owners related to the tourism sector. The data needed for the research was also collected through a simple random sampling method. Results and Discussion The descriptive findings of the research, based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size, indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of respondents was 156 people in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. One sample t-test was used to investigate the resilience of villages in four dimensions. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience of the villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert spectrum, so it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a low level of resilience. According to the results of the one-sided t-test, the average of social capital dimension was 2.11, economic 1.22, human capital 2.16, and management institution 1.23. The significance level of all the indicators is lower than the test error level of 5% and the average of all dimensions are not at the optimal level and this issue is effective in reducing the resilience of the studied villages. Conclusions The results of the research based on the one-sided t-test indicate that the general situation of resilience is not very favorable. The general results of the one-sided t-test for the resilience status of the studied villages show an average of 1.68. Considering that the average observed resilience of the villages is less than 3, which corresponds to the average level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall resilience situation in the studied villages is evaluated at a very low level of resilience. Dimensions of resilience from the villagers' point of view have different averages, so that the highest average is related to the institutional and human capital (2.16) and the lowest average is related to the economic dimension (1.22). The stratification of the 7 studied villages based on Mirka's decision-making technique shows that based on the score (Q) Ali Biglo, Qara Tapeh and Kafi al-Mulk villages are at the medium resilience level, Sheikh Wali and Koushak villages are at the low resilience level and Haft Cheshme and Maraghosh Qala villages are at a very low level of resilience.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129596_b82daaec88512f628720f91082bb0601.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Investigating and Analyzing the Brand Equity of Rural Tourism (Case Study of Torqabeh and Shandiz Villages) Investigating and Analyzing the Brand Equity of Rural Tourism (Case Study of Torqabeh and Shandiz Villages) 173 194 129761 10.30490/rvt.2023.360822.1502 FA H. Rafiei Darani Assistant Professor of Tourism Economic Department, Institute of Tourism Research at ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research) Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran. Journal Article 2022 12 08 Introduction Customer-based brand equity is one of the topics that have attracted a lot of attention and researches among academics and professionals, especially in marketing field. According to Acker, brand equity has four main dimensions: brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. This shows that the special value of a strong brand consists of different dimensions, the main of which includes the following: customers are aware of the brand, have a favorable image of the brand, and understand that the brand is of high quality, and they are loyal to the brand. The tourism industry has emerged as one of the important and growing economic sectors in the last few decades and has been able to allocate a relatively high share and position in the budget of households. Since the main goal of branding is to create positive associations with the destination and distinguish it from other destinations, branding in the tourism industry has become an important element of tourism management. Therefore, the marketers of tourist destinations need to focus on all dimensions of brand equity in tourism destinations in order to increase and promote the brand equity of a destination. Among the tourist destinations that have gained an important position among tourists in recent years, there are rural areas. In various studies, rural tourism has been mentioned as a means to rebuild development in different social and economic dimensions. Therefore, rural tourism includes all the activities and services provided by rural people, farmers and governments for recreation and relaxation and attracting tourists to rural areas. Rural tourism relies on the combination of the rural environment, farm activ ities and village cultures, which is attractive for tourists and can sometimes play a role in generating income and creating employment opportunities. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the special value of the tourism brand in the villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities of Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, the factors and structures affecting the special value of the rural tourism brand of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities are investigated. Materials and Methods The special value of the brand is a multifaceted and complex concept and from the consumer's point of view, it includes the dimensions of awareness, mental image, quality and loyalty. Brand awareness has been mentioned as the main component for creating brand equity in a product or service. According to Acker, consumers must first be aware of the brand in order to have a set of brand associations. Brand awareness affects the formation and strength of brand associations and perceived quality. In other words, consumers' brand awareness leads to attitudes such as brand association and perceived quality, which in turn affect attitudinal brand loyalty. Previous studies show that destination brand awareness and brand image have a positive relationship. As a result of these findings, the following hypotheses are presented: H1: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the image of the destination brand. H2: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the perceived quality of the destination. H3: The brand image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the perceived quality of the destination. H4: Destination brand image has a positive and significant effect on destination brand loyalty. H5: Perceived destination quality has a positive and significant effect on destination brand loyalty. H6: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H7: The image of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H8: The perceived quality of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H9: Loyalty to the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. In terms of the purpose, the current research is of the type of applied research and in terms of the method of collecting information; it is of the type of descriptive-survey research. In this study, Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine and test the assumptions and fit of the research model. The geographical area of the research is the tourism target villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, according to the sampling method (simple random two-stage method), two villages of Azghod and Jaghargh were selected. The estimated number of samples based on the formula "Sample size for structural equations" is 380, and 403 questionnaires were completed in this study. Results and Discussion According to the theoretical model presented in the research method section, the structural equation model was estimated using SmartPLS3 software. The results show that all the hypotheses considered in the theoretical model are approved and therefore the model presented, regarding the explanation of brand equity in rural tourism, have a high prestige. The significance level of the sixth assumption is 10% and the eighth assumption is 5% and other assumptions are less than one per cent. Among the other investigated indicators is the loyalty of tourists to the investigated villages. The results show that this index has a positive and significant effect on brand value, whose coefficient value is 0.282. According to the estimated model and the value of the calculation coefficient in different paths, it seems that the main path affecting the special value of the brand is the following three paths: Brand awareness - Brand image - Brand loyalty - Brand equity Brand awareness - Brand image - Perceived quality - Brand loyalty - Brand equity Brand awareness - Brand image - Brand value Therefore, it can be acknowledged that in the tourism of the studied villages, the image of tourists from rural areas plays a significant role as an important indicator directly and indirectly in explaining the special value of the brand. Since the image of the brand is a mental phenomenon and based on the feelings caused by understanding and receiving different information, in this regard it seems that the role and function of summer villages in Tarqabeh and Shandiz cities as villages with unique characteristics, including weather and natural scenery, continue to play a role as the main components explaining the image of the brand, which has a positive and significant effect on the brand's special value, loyalty and perceived quality. Therefore, over time, such natural resources can continue to play a role as a key factor in the positive image of tourists towards the target villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities. Conclusions The results showed that different indicators of brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand image have a positive and significant effect (directly and indirectly) on the special value of the rural tourism brand of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities. According to the estimated pattern and the values of the estimated coefficients, it can be said that the image of rural tourism destinations and loyalty to such destinations play a role as the main and key factors in explaining the special value. In this regard, it is suggested that the main features and functions of rural tourism in Torqabeh and Shandiz cities, which are the main functions that form the image of such destinations, should be maintained and promoted. Considering the relatively high influence of brand image indicators on brand equity, brand loyalty and perceived quality, it seems that brand image is a main indicator that acts as the main and direct variable influencing equity value and it plays a role as an intermediate variable influencing the special value of the brand. Therefore, periodic evaluation of tourists' image of rural destinations and paying attention to their evaluation and feedback of such destinations can play a key role in identifying issues and challenges and providing plans for rural tourism development. Considering the direct and indirect role of the perceived quality index in the special value of the rural tourism brand, it is suggested that various programs be developed about the tourist host community and the villagers living in the tourist villages who are the main providers of services in rural tourism. Introduction Customer-based brand equity is one of the topics that have attracted a lot of attention and researches among academics and professionals, especially in marketing field. According to Acker, brand equity has four main dimensions: brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. This shows that the special value of a strong brand consists of different dimensions, the main of which includes the following: customers are aware of the brand, have a favorable image of the brand, and understand that the brand is of high quality, and they are loyal to the brand. The tourism industry has emerged as one of the important and growing economic sectors in the last few decades and has been able to allocate a relatively high share and position in the budget of households. Since the main goal of branding is to create positive associations with the destination and distinguish it from other destinations, branding in the tourism industry has become an important element of tourism management. Therefore, the marketers of tourist destinations need to focus on all dimensions of brand equity in tourism destinations in order to increase and promote the brand equity of a destination. Among the tourist destinations that have gained an important position among tourists in recent years, there are rural areas. In various studies, rural tourism has been mentioned as a means to rebuild development in different social and economic dimensions. Therefore, rural tourism includes all the activities and services provided by rural people, farmers and governments for recreation and relaxation and attracting tourists to rural areas. Rural tourism relies on the combination of the rural environment, farm activ ities and village cultures, which is attractive for tourists and can sometimes play a role in generating income and creating employment opportunities. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the special value of the tourism brand in the villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities of Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, the factors and structures affecting the special value of the rural tourism brand of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities are investigated. Materials and Methods The special value of the brand is a multifaceted and complex concept and from the consumer's point of view, it includes the dimensions of awareness, mental image, quality and loyalty. Brand awareness has been mentioned as the main component for creating brand equity in a product or service. According to Acker, consumers must first be aware of the brand in order to have a set of brand associations. Brand awareness affects the formation and strength of brand associations and perceived quality. In other words, consumers' brand awareness leads to attitudes such as brand association and perceived quality, which in turn affect attitudinal brand loyalty. Previous studies show that destination brand awareness and brand image have a positive relationship. As a result of these findings, the following hypotheses are presented: H1: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the image of the destination brand. H2: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the perceived quality of the destination. H3: The brand image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the perceived quality of the destination. H4: Destination brand image has a positive and significant effect on destination brand loyalty. H5: Perceived destination quality has a positive and significant effect on destination brand loyalty. H6: Awareness of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H7: The image of the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H8: The perceived quality of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. H9: Loyalty to the destination brand has a positive and significant effect on the special value of the destination brand. In terms of the purpose, the current research is of the type of applied research and in terms of the method of collecting information; it is of the type of descriptive-survey research. In this study, Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine and test the assumptions and fit of the research model. The geographical area of the research is the tourism target villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, according to the sampling method (simple random two-stage method), two villages of Azghod and Jaghargh were selected. The estimated number of samples based on the formula "Sample size for structural equations" is 380, and 403 questionnaires were completed in this study. Results and Discussion According to the theoretical model presented in the research method section, the structural equation model was estimated using SmartPLS3 software. The results show that all the hypotheses considered in the theoretical model are approved and therefore the model presented, regarding the explanation of brand equity in rural tourism, have a high prestige. The significance level of the sixth assumption is 10% and the eighth assumption is 5% and other assumptions are less than one per cent. Among the other investigated indicators is the loyalty of tourists to the investigated villages. The results show that this index has a positive and significant effect on brand value, whose coefficient value is 0.282. According to the estimated model and the value of the calculation coefficient in different paths, it seems that the main path affecting the special value of the brand is the following three paths: Brand awareness - Brand image - Brand loyalty - Brand equity Brand awareness - Brand image - Perceived quality - Brand loyalty - Brand equity Brand awareness - Brand image - Brand value Therefore, it can be acknowledged that in the tourism of the studied villages, the image of tourists from rural areas plays a significant role as an important indicator directly and indirectly in explaining the special value of the brand. Since the image of the brand is a mental phenomenon and based on the feelings caused by understanding and receiving different information, in this regard it seems that the role and function of summer villages in Tarqabeh and Shandiz cities as villages with unique characteristics, including weather and natural scenery, continue to play a role as the main components explaining the image of the brand, which has a positive and significant effect on the brand's special value, loyalty and perceived quality. Therefore, over time, such natural resources can continue to play a role as a key factor in the positive image of tourists towards the target villages of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities. Conclusions The results showed that different indicators of brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand image have a positive and significant effect (directly and indirectly) on the special value of the rural tourism brand of Torqabeh and Shandiz cities. According to the estimated pattern and the values of the estimated coefficients, it can be said that the image of rural tourism destinations and loyalty to such destinations play a role as the main and key factors in explaining the special value. In this regard, it is suggested that the main features and functions of rural tourism in Torqabeh and Shandiz cities, which are the main functions that form the image of such destinations, should be maintained and promoted. Considering the relatively high influence of brand image indicators on brand equity, brand loyalty and perceived quality, it seems that brand image is a main indicator that acts as the main and direct variable influencing equity value and it plays a role as an intermediate variable influencing the special value of the brand. Therefore, periodic evaluation of tourists' image of rural destinations and paying attention to their evaluation and feedback of such destinations can play a key role in identifying issues and challenges and providing plans for rural tourism development. Considering the direct and indirect role of the perceived quality index in the special value of the rural tourism brand, it is suggested that various programs be developed about the tourist host community and the villagers living in the tourist villages who are the main providers of services in rural tourism.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129761_e5d123ee9e9d9070cfc7a1eef37c73a7.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Strategic Planning of Sustainable Tourism Development in Tourism Target Villages of Eastern Azarbaijan Province Strategic Planning of Sustainable Tourism Development in Tourism Target Villages of Eastern Azarbaijan Province 195 224 129656 10.30490/rvt.2023.362110.1519 FA A. Eidi PhD Student of Agricultural Development, Department of Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tabriz, Iran M. Shokati Amghani Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5369-5764 F. Kazemiyeh Associate Professor, Department of Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2023 04 29 Introduction The diversification of rural livelihoods is a common strategy to deal with economic and environmental shocks and is effective in reducing rural poverty in such a way that the positive effects of this diversification include the equality of periods with seasons in terms of employment, reducing vulnerability and risk, employment, rural credit, and financial effects. Therefore, in many countries, tourism is considered one of the main strategies for the livelihood diversification. Tourism accounts for 10.4% of the world's GDP and 10% of global employment. Tourism has one of the biggest contributions to achieving sustainable development, which is primarily due to the dynamism and growth of this sector with direct consequences on the economic development of regions and tourism destinations. In the second place, due to the fact that tourism is based on a direct link between consumers (tourists), industry, environment, and local communities, the development of tourism in developing countries leads to an increase in health and educational services and as a result improves the quality of life of the people and increases social welfare. The decrease in the growth of the agricultural sector in rural areas and the emergence of problems such as climate change indicate the fact that in the future, agricultural development alone will not be able to guarantee economic growth in the country's villages. Therefore, rural development planners have come to the conclusion that diversification from agriculture to non-farm activities in rural areas can be a complementary or alternative strategy to save the agricultural sector and provide a sustainable livelihood for villagers in such a way that the World Bank has invested 46.5 billion dollars to support non-farm activities during the years 2004 to 2014. A look at the state of non-farm employment between 2005 and 2019 confirms that the share of non-farm employment has grown over the past 14 years, which can be seen in different degrees in every region of the world. A review of data between 2005 and 2019 shows how global employment in non-farm activities in rural communities increased by nearly 11 percent as a share of total rural employment and now accounts for half of all rural employment. Materials and Methods This research is applied in terms of p urpose and survey in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the research was rural tourism experts and specialists in Eastern Azarbaijan province who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of rural tourism (N=101). Thus, the experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Eastern Azarbaijan Province, Agriculture-Jahad Organization of Eastern Azarbaijan Province, and villagers and councils were considered as the studied community, which were studied in full. Data collection was based on a field survey using a questionnaire that was designed with 69 items (including 18 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 19 opportunities, and 16 threats) in the form of a five-level Likert scale (five levels from very low=1 to very high=5) and distributed among the respondents. In this study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the measurement tool. Cronbach's alpha coefficient fluctuates between zero and one. If the value of Cronbach's alpha is greater than 0.7, the reliability of the measurement tool is considered acceptable. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each part of the questionnaire were calculated from 0.723 to 0.832. The content validity of the research was also done by asking the opinions of the experts and members of the faculty and university experts. The collected data were analyzed using the SWOT-TOWS technique, and finally, according to the results, strategies were developed and presented for the sustainable development of tourism in the study area. SWOT technique is a tool to identify the threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses in order to measure the situation and formulate a strategy for guiding and controlling that system. From the point of view of this model, a suitable strategy maximizes strengths and opportunities and reduces weaknesses and threats. Results and Discussion In this study, 69% of the respondents were male and 31% were female. The average age of the respondents was 42 years, the youngest was 34 and the oldest was 69. 48.5% of them had a doctorate degree, 31% had a master's degree, 13% had a bachelor's degree, and 7.5% had a postgraduate degree or diploma. The average service experience of the respondents was about 15.8 years. The highest frequency of them was related to the experts of the Cultural Heritage Organization of Handicrafts and Tourism at 66.8%, the Agriculture-Jahad Organization at 21.9%, and the villagers and councils at 11.3%. Although SWOT analysis leads to a comprehensive understanding of the internal and external environment of a phenomenon and defines the strategic space, this matrix does not suggest a strategy to improve the existing situation. The TOWS matrix is a tool that is usually used after the SWOT matrix and helps suggest strategies to improve the current and future situation. The TOWS matrix is widely used to determine strategies. This matrix uses four strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to determine strategies. In the TOWS matrix, four types of strategies WT, ST, WO and SO are made from the interaction of four strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results of the strategic planning matrix showed that among the formulated strategies, the highest attractiveness is related to the SO strategy with the title of aggressive and based on the use of competitive advantages with a score of 3.65, and the lowest attractiveness is the WT strategy with the title of defensive and based on eliminating the vulnerability of the studied area is assigned with a score of 1.31. Therefore, according to the results, the strategy of the studied villages is an offensive strategy (SO). In the form of aggressive strategies, efforts will be made to maximize the use of opportunities by making use of capabilities by presenting suggestions and possible solutions. Conclusions Based on the results of this research, the most important strategies for sustainable development of tourism in the target villages of Eastern Azarbaijan Province included holding local festivals (such as the Muhammad Flower Festival, local games festival, etc.), organizing local craft markets and developing ecotourism in rural areas. The findings indicated that among the strengths of the component, the presence of water, electricity, and gas networks was identified as the most important strength, so the development and organization of infrastructure, services, and equipment are emphasized. According to the results of the present research and in order to improve the planning and performance of the strategic management of sustainable development of tourism in the target villages of Eastern Azarbaijan province, the following suggestions are presented: - Preservation and protection of environmental, cultural resources and attractions (achieving the sustainability of resources) - Developing the activities of related institutions and organizations such as promoting education and increasing people's awareness in the field of rural tourism - Diversifying and improving the employment structure and economic activities of villagers through supporting local rural tourism businesses and preventing capital leakage. out of the village - Revision of tourism programs, activities, and services in order to implement advertising programs in order to introduce attractions - Development and organization of infrastructure, services, and equipment needed for rural tourism - Increasing social empowerment by emphasizing knowledge and awareness, education and information, increasing the participation of rural youth and women and girls in order to increase self-reliance in the management of local tourism affairs - Revision of laws and regulations to control illegal constructions and optimal use of tourist attractions and prevent destruction and pollution Resources. Introduction The diversification of rural livelihoods is a common strategy to deal with economic and environmental shocks and is effective in reducing rural poverty in such a way that the positive effects of this diversification include the equality of periods with seasons in terms of employment, reducing vulnerability and risk, employment, rural credit, and financial effects. Therefore, in many countries, tourism is considered one of the main strategies for the livelihood diversification. Tourism accounts for 10.4% of the world's GDP and 10% of global employment. Tourism has one of the biggest contributions to achieving sustainable development, which is primarily due to the dynamism and growth of this sector with direct consequences on the economic development of regions and tourism destinations. In the second place, due to the fact that tourism is based on a direct link between consumers (tourists), industry, environment, and local communities, the development of tourism in developing countries leads to an increase in health and educational services and as a result improves the quality of life of the people and increases social welfare. The decrease in the growth of the agricultural sector in rural areas and the emergence of problems such as climate change indicate the fact that in the future, agricultural development alone will not be able to guarantee economic growth in the country's villages. Therefore, rural development planners have come to the conclusion that diversification from agriculture to non-farm activities in rural areas can be a complementary or alternative strategy to save the agricultural sector and provide a sustainable livelihood for villagers in such a way that the World Bank has invested 46.5 billion dollars to support non-farm activities during the years 2004 to 2014. A look at the state of non-farm employment between 2005 and 2019 confirms that the share of non-farm employment has grown over the past 14 years, which can be seen in different degrees in every region of the world. A review of data between 2005 and 2019 shows how global employment in non-farm activities in rural communities increased by nearly 11 percent as a share of total rural employment and now accounts for half of all rural employment. Materials and Methods This research is applied in terms of p urpose and survey in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the research was rural tourism experts and specialists in Eastern Azarbaijan province who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of rural tourism (N=101). Thus, the experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Eastern Azarbaijan Province, Agriculture-Jahad Organization of Eastern Azarbaijan Province, and villagers and councils were considered as the studied community, which were studied in full. Data collection was based on a field survey using a questionnaire that was designed with 69 items (including 18 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 19 opportunities, and 16 threats) in the form of a five-level Likert scale (five levels from very low=1 to very high=5) and distributed among the respondents. In this study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the measurement tool. Cronbach's alpha coefficient fluctuates between zero and one. If the value of Cronbach's alpha is greater than 0.7, the reliability of the measurement tool is considered acceptable. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each part of the questionnaire were calculated from 0.723 to 0.832. The content validity of the research was also done by asking the opinions of the experts and members of the faculty and university experts. The collected data were analyzed using the SWOT-TOWS technique, and finally, according to the results, strategies were developed and presented for the sustainable development of tourism in the study area. SWOT technique is a tool to identify the threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses in order to measure the situation and formulate a strategy for guiding and controlling that system. From the point of view of this model, a suitable strategy maximizes strengths and opportunities and reduces weaknesses and threats. Results and Discussion In this study, 69% of the respondents were male and 31% were female. The average age of the respondents was 42 years, the youngest was 34 and the oldest was 69. 48.5% of them had a doctorate degree, 31% had a master's degree, 13% had a bachelor's degree, and 7.5% had a postgraduate degree or diploma. The average service experience of the respondents was about 15.8 years. The highest frequency of them was related to the experts of the Cultural Heritage Organization of Handicrafts and Tourism at 66.8%, the Agriculture-Jahad Organization at 21.9%, and the villagers and councils at 11.3%. Although SWOT analysis leads to a comprehensive understanding of the internal and external environment of a phenomenon and defines the strategic space, this matrix does not suggest a strategy to improve the existing situation. The TOWS matrix is a tool that is usually used after the SWOT matrix and helps suggest strategies to improve the current and future situation. The TOWS matrix is widely used to determine strategies. This matrix uses four strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to determine strategies. In the TOWS matrix, four types of strategies WT, ST, WO and SO are made from the interaction of four strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results of the strategic planning matrix showed that among the formulated strategies, the highest attractiveness is related to the SO strategy with the title of aggressive and based on the use of competitive advantages with a score of 3.65, and the lowest attractiveness is the WT strategy with the title of defensive and based on eliminating the vulnerability of the studied area is assigned with a score of 1.31. Therefore, according to the results, the strategy of the studied villages is an offensive strategy (SO). In the form of aggressive strategies, efforts will be made to maximize the use of opportunities by making use of capabilities by presenting suggestions and possible solutions. Conclusions Based on the results of this research, the most important strategies for sustainable development of tourism in the target villages of Eastern Azarbaijan Province included holding local festivals (such as the Muhammad Flower Festival, local games festival, etc.), organizing local craft markets and developing ecotourism in rural areas. The findings indicated that among the strengths of the component, the presence of water, electricity, and gas networks was identified as the most important strength, so the development and organization of infrastructure, services, and equipment are emphasized. According to the results of the present research and in order to improve the planning and performance of the strategic management of sustainable development of tourism in the target villages of Eastern Azarbaijan province, the following suggestions are presented: - Preservation and protection of environmental, cultural resources and attractions (achieving the sustainability of resources) - Developing the activities of related institutions and organizations such as promoting education and increasing people's awareness in the field of rural tourism - Diversifying and improving the employment structure and economic activities of villagers through supporting local rural tourism businesses and preventing capital leakage. out of the village - Revision of tourism programs, activities, and services in order to implement advertising programs in order to introduce attractions - Development and organization of infrastructure, services, and equipment needed for rural tourism - Increasing social empowerment by emphasizing knowledge and awareness, education and information, increasing the participation of rural youth and women and girls in order to increase self-reliance in the management of local tourism affairs - Revision of laws and regulations to control illegal constructions and optimal use of tourist attractions and prevent destruction and pollution Resources.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129656_406c73ace582452b86d721321c6b8268.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Investigating the Relocation of Rural Settlements at Risk of Natural Disasters - the study of Khuzestan Province Investigating the Relocation of Rural Settlements at Risk of Natural Disasters - the study of Khuzestan Province 225 252 129658 10.30490/rvt.2023.362293.1527 FA E. Dalir Instructor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3004-4341 J. Razmi Researcher, PhD in Geography, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran. Journal Article 2023 05 14 Introduction Spatial displacement of the population is not only a physical phenomenon, but also of view point of social, cultural, economic issues, the disconnection of their natural and emotional ties with the previous environment creates problems in adapting to the new environment and quality of life. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of resettlement on the quality of life through economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical indicators in the displaced villages of Khuzestan province. And in that, the settlement of 14 villages of Khuzestan province that were displaced due to natural disasters such as floods were considered. The questions raised for this purpose included: How many percent of the variance of the quality of life do the different realms of life explain? Which of the economic, social, environmental and physical indicators has the least and most positive and negative impact on the quality of life of displaced villages? Materials and Methods The current research is an analytical and applied research. According to the nature and purpose of the research project, information was collected by documentary method and the questionnaire was completed through questions made by the researcher. According to the information received from the Housing Foundation, the statistical population under study includes all displaced villages of Khuzestan province, which consists of the heads of households of 14 displaced villages, totaling 1816 heads of households. For this purpose, a total of 14 villages in the province were identified due to the reason of their displacement. Sampling from the statistical population was done by stratified random sampling and using proportional assignment method. First, the total number of statistical samples was estimated using Cochran's adjusted formula, then according to the population of each village, the number of samples proportional to the population of that village was determined, which included 112 household heads in total. The collected information was analyzed using regression analysis and factor analysis techniques through SPSS software to determine the true picture of the villagers' quality of life and their level of satisfaction with the displacement phenomenon. Results and Discussion To measure the level of satisfaction of displaced households in Khuzestan province, four domains: environment, economic factors, social and cultural factors, and physical factors were studied. The results showed that the environmental factor with the highest factor load explained about 32.65% of the variance of the quality of life of the displaced villages. The economic factor by being placed in the second rank of satisfaction determined about 15.536% of the variance of the quality of life, and the social and cultural factors also showed the third level of satisfaction among displaced villagers by expressing 10.883% of the variance for a specific reason. Finally, the physical factor has the lowest level of satisfaction of the relocated households with 8.529% of the variance of the quality of life. Conclusions The highest level of satisfaction in the displaced villages of Khuzestan province is related to the environmental field and the lowest level is related to the physical field. The factor analysis of the studied areas determined the level of satisfaction of the villagers on different aspects of the quality of life at an average level. In addition, comparing the results with the research background showed that in other countries, especially third world countries and developing countries, resettlement was often forced and had negative consequences in terms of social separation, employment problems and lack of access. However, resettlement in Khuzestan province is voluntary and has shown 67.6% satisfaction to achieve the studied indicators. Introduction Spatial displacement of the population is not only a physical phenomenon, but also of view point of social, cultural, economic issues, the disconnection of their natural and emotional ties with the previous environment creates problems in adapting to the new environment and quality of life. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of resettlement on the quality of life through economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical indicators in the displaced villages of Khuzestan province. And in that, the settlement of 14 villages of Khuzestan province that were displaced due to natural disasters such as floods were considered. The questions raised for this purpose included: How many percent of the variance of the quality of life do the different realms of life explain? Which of the economic, social, environmental and physical indicators has the least and most positive and negative impact on the quality of life of displaced villages? Materials and Methods The current research is an analytical and applied research. According to the nature and purpose of the research project, information was collected by documentary method and the questionnaire was completed through questions made by the researcher. According to the information received from the Housing Foundation, the statistical population under study includes all displaced villages of Khuzestan province, which consists of the heads of households of 14 displaced villages, totaling 1816 heads of households. For this purpose, a total of 14 villages in the province were identified due to the reason of their displacement. Sampling from the statistical population was done by stratified random sampling and using proportional assignment method. First, the total number of statistical samples was estimated using Cochran's adjusted formula, then according to the population of each village, the number of samples proportional to the population of that village was determined, which included 112 household heads in total. The collected information was analyzed using regression analysis and factor analysis techniques through SPSS software to determine the true picture of the villagers' quality of life and their level of satisfaction with the displacement phenomenon. Results and Discussion To measure the level of satisfaction of displaced households in Khuzestan province, four domains: environment, economic factors, social and cultural factors, and physical factors were studied. The results showed that the environmental factor with the highest factor load explained about 32.65% of the variance of the quality of life of the displaced villages. The economic factor by being placed in the second rank of satisfaction determined about 15.536% of the variance of the quality of life, and the social and cultural factors also showed the third level of satisfaction among displaced villagers by expressing 10.883% of the variance for a specific reason. Finally, the physical factor has the lowest level of satisfaction of the relocated households with 8.529% of the variance of the quality of life. Conclusions The highest level of satisfaction in the displaced villages of Khuzestan province is related to the environmental field and the lowest level is related to the physical field. The factor analysis of the studied areas determined the level of satisfaction of the villagers on different aspects of the quality of life at an average level. In addition, comparing the results with the research background showed that in other countries, especially third world countries and developing countries, resettlement was often forced and had negative consequences in terms of social separation, employment problems and lack of access. However, resettlement in Khuzestan province is voluntary and has shown 67.6% satisfaction to achieve the studied indicators.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129658_64dc875c8a7239f3e01628cf717c6bd7.pdf

Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI) Village and Development 1563-3322 26 4 2024 02 20 Physical Resilience of Buildings Against Earthquakes in the Earthquake-Affected Areas of Andika City Physical Resilience of Buildings Against Earthquakes in the Earthquake-Affected Areas of Andika City 253 272 129799 10.30490/rvt.2023.360141.1491 FA A. Hajarian Postdoctoral Research, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0003-4487-3586 Journal Article 2022 10 23 Introduction Physical resilience is very low due to the high fragility of rural settlements in the face of conditions and limited capacity to deal with changes. Rural housing as an important part of man-made environment, generally in accidents that happen quickly, suffer a lot of damage, so it is important to pay attention to the provision of resilient housing, especially in areas where natural hazards have intensified. Also, it is very important to pay attention to the rural areas that seem vulnerable to disasters due to the weakness in facilities and socio-economic level. The study area is Andika city. Andika city in Khuzestan province was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 and a large area in 2021, and this earthquake caused considerable damage to rural residential houses in this city. Also, in this earthquake, 600 residential units were damaged and more than 10 billion tomans cost of damage to housing in this city is estimated. According to the statistics and information obtained from the Rural Disasters and Crisis Unit of the General Administration of the Housing Foundation in Andika City and Khuzestan Province, out of a total of 552 inhabited villages in this city, 120 villages have been affected by accidents and suffered a lot of damage in the physical part, especially in housing, as for example in the village of Repi 100 houses have been completely destroyed. The studied villages are scattered in the central part, and they form the statistical population of the present study. According to the issues raised in the problem statement, the research question is raised as follows: At what level is the current state of houses of rural households in Andika city evaluated in terms of resilience? Materials and Methods In terms of its nature, this research is of the type of quantitative research, and in terms of its purpose it is of applied research, and in terms of the method it is descriptive-analytical. In the studied area, out of a total of 1726 rural houses in the city, 600 houses were damaged by the earthquake in 1400. In this study, villages were selected as samples, where the destruction of rural houses in the face of an earthquake was more than 20 units. Based on this, 9 villages that had the most damage caused by the earthquake in terms of housing were selected as sample villages. The sample size was calculated with the help of Cochran's formula, and with the help of the ratio sharing rule, the number of investigated houses in each village was determined. The total number of houses in the 9 surveyed villages was 256. Results and Discussion Due to its location on the earthquake belt, Iran has always been at risk of earthquakes. The formation of large faults and the presence of active stress fields have made Iran prone to earthquakes. In rural areas, due to the construction of non-standard houses, which is done due to various reasons such as incorrect government policies and economic savings, the houses are vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of rural housing resilience. In the context of earthquake management, resilience can be defined as the capacity of a system, potentially exposed to hazards, to adapt through resistance or change to reach and maintain an acceptable level of performance and structure. In the present study, the physical resilience of housing under 5 components with 36 indicators was investigated. According to the significant level obtained in all dimensions of the housing's physical resilience (except the spatial and structural dimensions), the mean is significantly lower than the theoretical mean and is evaluated at a low to medium level. Except for the spatial average with 3.24 and the structural dimension with 3.14, which is higher than the theoretical average (number 3), in other dimensions, the physical resilience of the villagers' housing is lower than the theoretical average and poorly evaluated. So that the averages of mental image dimension with 2.65, functional dimension with 2.74, and physical resilience structure of rural housing with 2.99 were lower than the theoretical average. There is a significant relationship between all variables except the number of household members living in a residential unit with resilience structure. There is also an inverse relationship with weak intensity between the variables (duration of residence in the village, age of the respondents) and resilience. There is a weak direct relationship between the variable number of years of education and resilience. According to the significance level of 0.01, there is a significant direct relationship with medium intensity between the variable of average income and resilience. There is a significant relationship between housing characteristics and resilience, except for the variable of total infrastructure area. There is an inverse relationship with moderate intensity between the variables (building age, number of floors) and resilience; in such a way that with the increase of each of the variables, the resilience decreases and with the decrease of each of them, the resilience increases. The relationship between the variables (total area of the residential unit, number of rooms) and significant resilience is of a direct type with medium intensity. There is no significant relationship between individual characteristics and the structure of housing vulnerability. There is a direct and moderate relationship between the characteristics of the roads and the resilience of the houses. The type of loan received, the quality of the structure in terms of almond, semi-durable and low-durable, and the types of framing of the residential unit are effective on the physical resilience of the housing. Introduction Physical resilience is very low due to the high fragility of rural settlements in the face of conditions and limited capacity to deal with changes. Rural housing as an important part of man-made environment, generally in accidents that happen quickly, suffer a lot of damage, so it is important to pay attention to the provision of resilient housing, especially in areas where natural hazards have intensified. Also, it is very important to pay attention to the rural areas that seem vulnerable to disasters due to the weakness in facilities and socio-economic level. The study area is Andika city. Andika city in Khuzestan province was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 and a large area in 2021, and this earthquake caused considerable damage to rural residential houses in this city. Also, in this earthquake, 600 residential units were damaged and more than 10 billion tomans cost of damage to housing in this city is estimated. According to the statistics and information obtained from the Rural Disasters and Crisis Unit of the General Administration of the Housing Foundation in Andika City and Khuzestan Province, out of a total of 552 inhabited villages in this city, 120 villages have been affected by accidents and suffered a lot of damage in the physical part, especially in housing, as for example in the village of Repi 100 houses have been completely destroyed. The studied villages are scattered in the central part, and they form the statistical population of the present study. According to the issues raised in the problem statement, the research question is raised as follows: At what level is the current state of houses of rural households in Andika city evaluated in terms of resilience? Materials and Methods In terms of its nature, this research is of the type of quantitative research, and in terms of its purpose it is of applied research, and in terms of the method it is descriptive-analytical. In the studied area, out of a total of 1726 rural houses in the city, 600 houses were damaged by the earthquake in 1400. In this study, villages were selected as samples, where the destruction of rural houses in the face of an earthquake was more than 20 units. Based on this, 9 villages that had the most damage caused by the earthquake in terms of housing were selected as sample villages. The sample size was calculated with the help of Cochran's formula, and with the help of the ratio sharing rule, the number of investigated houses in each village was determined. The total number of houses in the 9 surveyed villages was 256. Results and Discussion Due to its location on the earthquake belt, Iran has always been at risk of earthquakes. The formation of large faults and the presence of active stress fields have made Iran prone to earthquakes. In rural areas, due to the construction of non-standard houses, which is done due to various reasons such as incorrect government policies and economic savings, the houses are vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of rural housing resilience. In the context of earthquake management, resilience can be defined as the capacity of a system, potentially exposed to hazards, to adapt through resistance or change to reach and maintain an acceptable level of performance and structure. In the present study, the physical resilience of housing under 5 components with 36 indicators was investigated. According to the significant level obtained in all dimensions of the housing's physical resilience (except the spatial and structural dimensions), the mean is significantly lower than the theoretical mean and is evaluated at a low to medium level. Except for the spatial average with 3.24 and the structural dimension with 3.14, which is higher than the theoretical average (number 3), in other dimensions, the physical resilience of the villagers' housing is lower than the theoretical average and poorly evaluated. So that the averages of mental image dimension with 2.65, functional dimension with 2.74, and physical resilience structure of rural housing with 2.99 were lower than the theoretical average. There is a significant relationship between all variables except the number of household members living in a residential unit with resilience structure. There is also an inverse relationship with weak intensity between the variables (duration of residence in the village, age of the respondents) and resilience. There is a weak direct relationship between the variable number of years of education and resilience. According to the significance level of 0.01, there is a significant direct relationship with medium intensity between the variable of average income and resilience. There is a significant relationship between housing characteristics and resilience, except for the variable of total infrastructure area. There is an inverse relationship with moderate intensity between the variables (building age, number of floors) and resilience; in such a way that with the increase of each of the variables, the resilience decreases and with the decrease of each of them, the resilience increases. The relationship between the variables (total area of the residential unit, number of rooms) and significant resilience is of a direct type with medium intensity. There is no significant relationship between individual characteristics and the structure of housing vulnerability. There is a direct and moderate relationship between the characteristics of the roads and the resilience of the houses. The type of loan received, the quality of the structure in terms of almond, semi-durable and low-durable, and the types of framing of the residential unit are effective on the physical resilience of the housing.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129799_3787a230d0803947abfcb150a6a070b1.pdf