موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Investigating the Economic Profitability of Educational-Extension Courses and Factors Affecting the Participation of Wheat Farmers in These Courses (Case Study: Ilam Province) بررسی سودآوری اقتصادی دوره های آموزشی-ترویجی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر مشارکت گندم کاران در این دوره ها (مورد مطالعه: استان ایلام) 1 26 129496 10.30490/rvt.2023.360022.1490 FA مریم محمودی استادیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. هرمز اسدی دانشیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0002-2001-7606 حیدر صیدزاده محقق مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران. Journal Article 2022 09 18 Introduction Today the importance of human capital is such that the socio-economic capabilities of countries are measured based on creative and efficient human resources. Therefore, investing human resources with the purpose of integrated growth and development is a profitable business with high rate of return. One of the goals of implementing educational-extension courses is to increase the economic profitability of crop cultivation, because the final result of all plans and activities of any enterprise or business is reflected in its economic profitability. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the economic profitability of educational-extension courses and the factors affecting the participation of bread and durum wheat producers in these courses in Ilam province. Materials and Methods This research is applied research in terms of purpose and has been conducted through survey method. The statistical population of this study was all bread wheat (N=4175) and durum wheat (N=1255) farmers of Ilam in 2018. Based on Krejcie & Morgan (1980) sampling table, the sample sizes selected from bread and durum wheat farmers in this study were 351 and 293 respondents, respectively. Of the collected questionnaires, 317 and 261 questionnaires were analyzable, respectively. In this study, the bread and durum wheat farmers were classified into two groups; with and without training courses. Data were collected using a questionnaire. For descriptive data analysis, mean was used and for inferential analysis, mean comparison test, logit regression and economic profitability analysis were used. In profitability analysis, production cost, net income, production profit, and percentage of sales return were used. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the average of production cost of bread wheat cultivation in the group of farmers who participated in the educational courses was 1 percent more and the net income of this group was about 5 percent less than the group of farmers without training. In addition, the average profit of bread wheat production in the group of respondents with training was also 5 percent less than the other group. However, the average of production cost of durum wheat in the group of farmers who received the education was 2.2 percent less and the net income from this product in this group of farmers was 7.8 percent more than the group of farmers who had not received the educational courses. The average profit of durum wheat production was 8.7 percent more in the group of respondents with training. However, these differences were not statistically significant and this indicates that in general, educational-extension courses have not succeeded in creating a significant difference in the field of yield and also in increasing the profitability of bread and durum wheat cultivation. Variables including age, education level, years of wheat cultivation, crop yield, average of land ownership, and area under cultivation had a positive effect on wheat farmers' participation in educational-extension courses. These explanatory variables have been able to explain 31.4% of the changes in the dependent variable of attending in educational-extension courses in wheat production. Conclusions Although more related studies are needed to identify the reasons for the lack of effectiveness of educational courses in bread and durum wheat in the studied region, it can be concluded that compiling the content of educational-extension courses have not benefited from the results of the new research achievements. In addition, in holding educational courses, the educational needs of the farmers are usually not taken into account and the necessary needs assessment is not done in this field. Therefore, conducting a needs assessment of the target audience before compiling the content of the educational-extension courses is necessary and recommended. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to increase communication and synergy between Extension Coordination Offices in agricultural organizations with Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Centers in order to be aware of the latest research achievements and to take advantage of the experiences of the researchers. هدف اصلی مطالعه بررسی میزان سودآوری اقتصادی دوره های آموزشی-ترویجی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر مشارکت بهره برداران گندم نان و گندم دوروم در این دوره ها در استان ایلام بود. در این مطالعه، بهره برداران به دو گروه برخوردار و عدم برخوردار از آموزش های ترویجی طبقه بندی شدند. حجم نمونه منتخب از گندم‏کاران نان و دوروم آبی در این مطالعه که به روش پیمایشی اجرا شد، به ترتیب 351 و 293 نفر تعیین شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده به منظور جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه بود. به‌منظور تحلیل توصیفی داده ها از شاخصهای میانگین و ضریب همبستگی و به‌منظور تحلیل استنباطی از آزمون مقایسه میانگین ها، رگرسیون لاجیت و تحلیل سودآوری استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از مطالعه نشان داد که میانگین هزینه تولید کشت گندم نان در گروه بهره برداران برخوردار 1 درصد بیشتر و میانگین درآمد خالص این دسته از بهرهبرداران حدود 5 درصد کمتر از گروه بهره برداران عدم برخوردار از آموزش‌های ترویجی بوده است. اما میانگین هزینه تولید کشت گندم دوروم در گروه بهره برداران برخوردار 2/2 درصد کمتر و میانگین درآمد خالص حاصل از کشت این محصول در گروه بهره برداران برخوردار 8/7 درصد بیشتر از گروه بهره برداران عدم برخوردار بوده است. اما به طور کلی برگزاری کلاسهای آموزشی-ترویجی موفق به ایجاد تفاوت معن یدار درزمینه عملکرد و همچنین افزایش سودآوری بهره برداران گندم نان و دوروم نشده است. در نهایت متغیرهای توضیحی در نظر گرفته در مدل توانسته اند 31/4 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته شرکت در کلاس‌های ترویجی در تولید گندم را تبیین نمایند.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129496_e896fe67e9d2397a9fe38930c0e9bb18.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Analysis the Functions of Agricultural Innovation System in the Knowledge-Based Development of Agricultural Sector تحلیل کارکردهای نظام نوآوری کشاورزی در توسعه دانش‌بنیان بخش کشاورزی 27 52 129628 10.30490/rvt.2023.361231.1514 FA شاپور ظریفیان دانشیار گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0001-6860-6728 سمیه مصطفوی دانشجوی دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. حسین یادآور استادیار گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. حسین شعبانعلی فمی استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 02 08 Introduction The innovation system is one of the main pillars of achieving knowledge-based production and economy. Among the sectoral systems, the agricultural innovation system has special importance due to the special position of the agricultural sector in ensuring food security, creating value added and employment. The knowledge-based development of agricultural sector is achieved by applying scientific findings, precise technologies and developed innovations in the agricultural innovation system. A correct understanding the functions of agricultural innovation system in achieving knowledge-based development can help the policymakers of this sector in formulating innovation policies. Materials and Methods This study analysis the functions of innovation system in the knowledge-based development of agriculture sector with a qualitative approach and Grounded Theory method. The statistical population of this research was faculty members, experts, senior managers of the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad and leading farmers. Snowball sampling started purposefully and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Required data were collected through document review, field notes and unstructured interviews and MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. The data was coded in the form of 69 concepts and 19 categories. Results and Discussion In the central coding stage of the paradigm model, the functions of creating and developing knowledge and knowledge diffusion as the main phenomenon and the function of guiding and directing the system; As background conditions, the function of providing and facilitating resources was identified as the causal condition and the function of legitimization was identified as the intervening condition. Also, the function of entrepreneurial activities and market shaping as a strategy and codification of sector standards, improving the value chain of products, increasing the economic competitiveness of manufactured products, diversifying the economy of the beneficiaries were identified as consequences. Conclusions According to the findings of this research, establishing agricultural innovation and entrepreneurship promotion centers with an open and demand-side policy approach can be an effective and targeted step towards strengthening the functions of the agricultural innovation system in the development of the knowledge base of the agricultural sector. نظام نوآوری از ارکان اصلی دستیابی به تولید مبتنی بر دانش و اقتصاد دانش بنیان است. در بین نظام های نوآوری بخشی، نظام نوآوری کشاورزی به دلیل ماهیت و جایگاه ویژه بخش کشاورزی در تأمین امنیت غذایی، ایجاد ارزش افزوده و اشتغال زایی، از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است. توسعه دانش بنیان کشاورزی با به کارگیری یافته های علمی، فناوری های دقیق و نوآوری های توسعه یافته در نظام نوآوری کشاورزی محقق می شود. درک صحیح از کارکردهای نظام نوآوری کشاورزی در دستیابی به توسعه دانش بنیان، می تواند به سیاست‌گذاران این بخش در تدوین سیاست های نوآوری کمک نماید. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و با روش نظریه بنیانی به تحلیل کارکردهای نظام نوآوری در توسعه دانش‏ بنیان کشاورزی پرداخته است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش اساتید، صاحب نظران، مدیران ارشد وزارت جهاد کشاورزی و کشاورزان پیشرو بودند. نمونه گیری به صورت هدفمند شروع و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری به روش گلوله برفی ادامه یافت. داده ها با بررسی اسناد و مدارک، یادداشت های عرصه و مصاحبه های غیرساختارمند گردآوری شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار MAXQDA استفاده شد. داده ها در قالب 69 مفهوم و 19 مقوله کدگذاری شد. در مرحله کدگذاری محوری مدل پاردایمی، کارکردهای خلق و توسعه دانش و انتشار دانش به عنوان پدیده اصلی و کارکرد هدایت و جهت دهی نظام، به عنوان شرایط زمینه ای،کارکرد تأمین و تسهیل منابع به عنوان شرایط علّی و کارکرد مشروعیت بخشی به عنوان شرایط مداخله گر شناسایی شد. همچنین کارکرد فعالیت های کارآفرینانه و شکل دهی به بازار به عنوان راهبرد و تدوین استانداردهای بخشی، بهبود زنجیره ارزش محصولات، افزایش رقابت پذیری اقتصادی محصولات تولیدی، تنوع بخشی به اقتصاد بهره برداران به عنوان پیامدها شناسایی شد. با توجه به یافته های پژوهش، ایجاد مراکز ترویج نوآوری و کارآفرینی کشاورزی با رویکرد سیاست گذاری باز و طرف تقاضا می تواند گامی موثر و هدفمند در جهت تقویت کارکردهای نظام نوآوری کشاورزی در توسعه دانش بنیان بخش کشاورزی باشد.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129628_fa20f64227f1a07ccab0f7ea37193f9a.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Investigating Reduction Labor Employment Quality due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Areas of Hormozgan Province بررسی تنزل کیفیت اشتغال نیروی کار ناشی از همه‌گیری کووید-19 در مناطق روستایی استان هرمزگان 53 80 129561 10.30490/rvt.2023.358377.1458 FA مصطفی شمس الدینی استادیار گروه حسابداری و اقتصاد، دانشکده مدیریت، اقتصاد و حسابداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران. 0000-0001-5855-7512 Journal Article 2022 04 15 Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic has posed numerous challenges to the global economy. Due to the pandemic and the resulting restrictions, many job opportunities have been lost, and lots of businesses have suffered. Given the sensitivity of the rural economy sector to impact of the pandemic outbreak, particularly on the rural labor market, the aim of this study is to investigate decline in quality of labor employment in rural areas of Hormozgan province caused by the pandemic. In recent years, one of Iran's fundamental issues has been the underdevelopment of rural areas and the consequent migration of villagers to urban centers. This migration is primarily driven by economic factors, particularly limited employment opportunities. Employment is one of the effective and important categories in rural development, which has always received attention. Materials and Methods The study's research design is practical in purpose and semi-experimental in implementation. This research employed a questionnaire consisting of 10 dimensions and 38 items to investigate the decline in the quality of labor employment. The questionnaire was designed based on previous research, theoretical foundations, and expert opinions in the field. The Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire was 0.77. The obtained information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural methods with SPSS and PLS software. The statistical population of this research comprises all active labor force in the rural areas of Hormozgan province in 2021. The cluster sampling method was used, and the sample size was 311 people. The samples were collected from service, agricultural, and industrial jobs in 12 cities in Hormozgan province. Results a nd discussion The research findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the quality of employment in rural areas of Hormozgan province. Addressing these challenges will require significant efforts at both the provincial and national levels. The research results indicate that the average employment quality degradation score in the sample was 3.430. This score, on the 5-point Likert scale, suggests a worrying degradation of employment quality in rural areas of Hormozgan province due to the spread of Covid-19. The findings show that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all 10 dimensions of employment quality in rural areas. The dimensions most affected were 'suitable working hours', 'employment opportunities', and 'social and economic fields', while the dimensions of 'safe work', 'unacceptable work', and 'social discourse' experienced the least decline in quality. The data indicates a significant disparity in job quality between genders, with men experiencing higher job quality than women following the Covid-19 outbreak. Additionally, there is a notable decline in employment quality among certain age and education groups. Specifically, those under 20, between 21 and 30, and over 51 years old have experienced the greatest decline in employment quality. People with lower educational qualifications and incomes experienced a greater decline in employment quality; this issue should be taken into consideration when developing support policies post-COVID-19. The analysis indicates that the spread of Covid-19 has resulted in a lack of employment opportunities, forcing workers to accept unacceptable working conditions. Additionally, the unfavorable socio-economic conditions resulting from the pandemic have led to a situation where people have no choice but to work under such conditions. Conclusions Supporting the rural labor force is a duty of governments and their economic, political, and social representatives. This requires national determination, political will, and prioritizing strategies that aim to develop the rural economy in the country. The cultural and behavioral gap between the rural and urban labor force has resulted in the failure of the rural labor environment to implement laws and develop rights and benefits. This gap may cause problems for the efficiency of the rural labor force; however, a relative moderation can be achieved. To prevent the negative impact of Covid-19 on the quality of employment in rural areas, various countries are implementing measures to address current and future challenges; It is recommended to prioritize strategies that improve the employment environment and labor force welfare. Improving the rural business environment in the post-Covid-19 era can enhance employment opportunities in the province. Rural activists comprehend the significance and advantages of support programs; this work showcases the resources qualitatively and operationally. همه‌گیری کووید-19 اقتصاد جهانی را با چالش‌های زیادی روبرو کرده است. هدف حاضر با توجه به حساسیت بخش اقتصاد روستایی نسبت به تبعات و پیامدهای رکودی این بیماری به خصوص تبعات آن بر بازار اشتغال نیروی کار روستایی، بررسی تنزل کیفیت اشتغال نیروی کار در مناطق روستایی استان هرمزگان ناشی از همه‌گیری این بیماری است. در این راستا ابتدا با بررسی پژوهش‌های پیشین، مبانی نظری و نظرات خبرگان این حوزه، پرسشنامه‌ای با ده بعد و سی و هشت گویه برای بررسی تنزل کیفیت نیری کار طراحی شد که آلفای کرونباخ آن 0/77 به دست آمد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه نیروی کار فعال در مناطق روستایی استان هرمزگان در سال 1400 است. روش نمونه‌گیری، خوشه‌ای و حجم نمونه 311 نفر است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که هر ده بعد کیفیت اشتغال در مناطق روستایی تحت تأثیر این همه‌گیری قرار گرفته اند که به ترتیب ابعاد «ساعت کار مناسب»، «فرصت‌های اشتغال» و «زمینه‌های اجتماعی اقتصادی» بیشترین و ابعاد «کار امن»، «کار غیر قابل قبول» و «گفتمان اجتماعی» کمترین افت کیفیت را داشته‌اند. برای مواجهه و مقابله با این شرایط، اولویت بخشیدن به استراتژی‌های بهبود محیط اشتغال و رفاه نیروی کار توصیه می شود.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129561_1f0741c2957b73c19c57acc4987b2d7f.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Analysis of Organizational Entrepreneurship Components in Agricultural Jahad Training Centers تحلیل مؤلفه‌های کارآفرینی سازمانی مراکز آموزش جهاد کشاورزی 81 104 129593 10.30490/rvt.2023.357557.1440 FA هادی رزقی شیرسوار استادیار گروه مدیریت آموزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد گرمسار، گرمسار، ایران. 0000-0003-2780-3332 مژگان شاعری دانش آموخته دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران غرب، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2022 01 21 Introduction Today's organizations are facing extensive national and international changes and threats. They operate in a complex environment and need to maintain their competitive position. In this regard, paying attention to performance improvement strategies is important for most organizations. Currently, many organizations pay attention to performance improvement strategies through the development of organizational entrepreneurship approach. This approach is defined as a capacity that people can act beyond the control of management in an organizational context to create spaces of creativity and solidarity and find new ways of doing work. Beyond the fact, organizational entrepreneurship can be seen as the originator of new risky businesses within the organization, which helps to modernize the organization in a wider area through the use of new combinations of resources. The implementation of the entrepreneur system within an organization requires attention to the various dimensions of organizational entrepreneurship and the culture that governs that organization. In this regard, the components of organizational entrepreneurship have been examined from different perspectives and within different organizations. In one perspective, the components of organizational entrepreneurship include structural components (including organizational structure, strategies, reward system, research and development, and control), behavioral (content) components (organizational culture, leadership style, human resource training) and environmental (contextual) components. ) (relationship with clients, socio-cultural environment and administrative environment) In this regard, the dual view of organizational factors (structure, culture, management support, reward, communication and strategic control) and individual (attitude of managers towards entrepreneurship) is emphasized. In general, the literature shows that the components of organizational entrepreneurship are different from the point of view of several factors such as organizational culture, the type and nature of organizational activity, the type and style of management (private or public) and the status of employees. Extensive studies in the field of identifying the components of entrepreneurship have mainly focused on government organizations and universities, and they have less considered the organizations in charge of the agricultural sector, which are different in terms of the nature of the activity. This is despite the fact that organizations in charge of the agricultural sector, such as Academic Jahad, are different from some educational centers such as universities in terms of their functional nature and work missions. In this way, the entrepreneurship components in these organizations are also different from each other. Therefore, the main question is, what are the entrepreneurship components that are appropriate for organizations in charge of the agricultural sector, including the Academic Jahad of the agricultural sector? In addition, most of the previous studies have been conducted quantitatively and few of them have used qualitative approaches; Meanwhile, the need for a more comprehensive study is felt to combine these two approaches in order to identify the components of organizational entrepreneurship more deeply. Therefore, in response to the aforementioned research gap and in order to gain a deeper understanding of the components of organizational entrepreneurship, this study, focusing on Agricultural Jahad training centers, takes help from a mixed research approach. The results of this research can be important in the development of individual and organizational entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. Materials and Methods The present study is based on a mixed paradigm (qualitative-quantitative). At first, the qualitative phase of the research was carried out based on thematic analysis method. Thematic analysis is a process for analyzing textual data through which diverse and scattered data are transformed into rich and detailed data. In this research, three steps include (1) collecting and reviewing textual data, (2) picking up and understanding irrelevant information and (3) coding and data analysis were noted. MAXQDA software was used for qualitative data analysis. To ensure the correctness of the coding, an external evaluator (one of the researchers familiar with the field of entrepreneurship and active in the agricultural sector) was asked to check the compatibility of the codes with the text and their corresponding categories. Also, in order to check the validity of the qualitative results, the quantitative phase of the research was considered in the form of a cross-sectional survey. The codes obtained from the qualitative phase (33 codes) were designed in the form of a closed-answer questionnaire based on a five-level Likert scale. The statistical population of this research included 270 faculty members of entrepreneurship and agriculture at Jahad Agriculture University, 154 of them were selected as a sample using the Karjesi-Morgan table and studied using simple random sampling. The t statistic was used to evaluate the factor loadings obtained in this model. The validity and reliability of the constructs were also considered using Cronbach's alpha, average variance extracted and composite reliability. Results and discussion In the qualitative phase of the research, the open coding process was started by reviewing the text of the interviews several times. In the first step, the coding process resulted in the emergence of 233 codes. These codes were summarized in the form of 33 more abstract concepts through continuous comparison and identification of hidden events among them. Finally, the summarized abstract concepts were classified into seven components based on semantic relationships. Research services with the number of references 35, refers to the set of services related to contracts that are concluded in order to conduct applied research. These contracts are usually done with universities, business and private sectors. The purpose of concluding such contracts is that Agricultural Jahad training centers align themselves with these fields in their organizational dimensions by gaining a deep understanding of the fields of entrepreneurship and its scientific dimensions. It should be noted that these researches are conducted with the aim of strengthening the practical foundations of the field of entrepreneurship. Based on the results, publishing services are also recognized as one of the important dimensions of organizational entrepreneurship with 39 references. In fact, one of the components of entrepreneurship in an entrepreneurial organization is that the relevant organization can publish content that familiarizes its users and beneficiaries with the fields of entrepreneurship and facilitates the creation of creativity and emergence of new ideas in their minds. It should be noted that in addition to the content of the publications, their number is also important in order to achieve entrepreneurial goals. The reason to this is that moving towards an entrepreneurial organization requires regular and accurate access of the employees of that organization to sufficient knowledge and information to foster creativity and new ideas. The results show that policymaking and planning with 31 references are other components of organizational entrepreneurship. This component oversees the issue that achieving an entrepreneurial organization in the studied centers requires a comprehensive look based on detailed planning in the fields related to the content of educational courses, financial and legal resources, content transfer methods and content continuity. Also, the results show that the financial and support component with 31 references is important in the field of organizational entrepreneurship. In fact, in addition to the need to attract financial resources from various actors such as the government and the private sector, supporting employees and stakeholders to move towards being creative is a necessity. These supports can be in the form of sharing successful experiences, providing expert advice and intellectual support. This issue can be considered as a component of providing consulting services. Conclusions Based on the results of the research, research services are considered as a relatively important component regarding organizational entrepreneurship. Although at first glance, research services are considered as one of the inherent duties of organizations in charge of education; it should be kept in mind that the direction and content of researches can make research services at the service of organizational entrepreneurship as a requirement. The results of the research showed that policy making and planning are necessary to some extent for an organization to enter the field of entrepreneurship. This means that the organization should have the ability to manage and determine its policies based on the organizational mission. The research results showed that the educational structure is considered as an important component in organizational entrepreneurship. The importance of structural components has been noted in various studies. In general, based on the results of the research, the following suggestions are made to strengthen the dimensions of organizational entrepreneurship in agricultural education centers: 1- Considering the importance of cultural and social components in the field of organizational entrepreneurship, it is necessary to improve individual and organizational culture in order to stimulate creativity and innovation at the organizational level. For this purpose, it is necessary to consider employee participation, creating a network of interactions and focusing on individual values. 2- It is suggested that the design of educational content evaluation charter as well as the performance of employees should be taken into consideration so that the requirements of strengthening organizational entrepreneurship can be predicted and realized more appropriately. The reason is that obtaining sufficient information about the performance of employees on the one hand and their feedback from the educational content on the other hand can determine the direction of the implementation of entrepreneurial components. 3- Providing financial and intellectual support to employees and stakeholders can stimulate organizational entrepreneurship. Financial support should be aimed at creative and new ideas in order to stimulate entrepreneurship at the organization level. Intellectual support should also be provided in the form of consulting services. 4- Adjusting the organizational structure and reducing bureaucracy and removing cumbersome rules is one of the important factors in the development of teamwork that can increase the level of participation and improve the network of interactions for gaining experience, sharing knowledge and forming cooperation networks. This issue also helps to improve the organizational culture. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی مؤلفه‌های کارآفرینی سازمانی در مراکز آموزش جهاد کشاورزی با رویکردی آمیخته (کیفی ـ کمّی) انجام شده است. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در مرحله کیفی از تکنیک مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 17 نفر از خبرگان حوزه‌های مدیریت آموزشی، کارآفرینی سازمانی و آموزش کشاورزی استفاده شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی و تا نیل به اشباع نظری جمع‌آوری شدند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از روش تحلیل مضمون استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌های کیفی از نرمافزار MAXQDA استفاده شد. برای جمع‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌آوری داده‌ها در فاز کمّی از پرسشنامه‌ای استفاده شد که از تلخیص نتایج فاز کیفی تدوین شده بود. بر مبنای جدول کرجسی ـ مورگان، از میان 270 نفر از اعضای هیأت علمی رشته‌های کارآفرینی و کشاورزی در مراکز آموزش جهاد کشاورزی، 154 نفر به روش تصادفی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری در محیط نرم‌افزار Smart pls تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کارآفرینی سازمانی در مراکز مورد مطالعه مشتمل بر هفت بعد است که به ترتیب اهمیت عبارتند از مؤلفه‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی، مالی و پشتیبانی، خدمات پژوهشی، سیاست گذاری و برنامه‌ریزی، ساختار آموزشی، ارائه خدمات و خدمات نشر. بر اساس نتایج، توجه به ابعاد فرهنگی و اجتماعی، مالی و پشتیبانی و خدمات پژوهشی در یک مجموعه علمی ـ پژوهشی همچون مراکز آموزش جهاد کشاورزی از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است. به ‌طور کلی، تمرکز بر ارتقاء فرهنگ سازمانی و حمایت فکری و مالی از کارکنان و ذی‌نفعان می‌تواند ارکان کارآفرینی سازمانی را تقویت نماید.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129593_bc1bd66027e74ada7dd91439bb674a26.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Gap Analysis of Current and Expected Situation of the Impact of Rural Tourism on Sustainable Livelihoods of Rural Households: A Case Study of Kalvan Village تحلیل شکاف وضعیت موجود و مورد انتظار تأثیر گردشگری روستایی بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی: مورد مطالعه روستای کلوان 105 128 129494 10.30490/rvt.2023.359218.1468 FA نسرین بشیری دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. همایون فرهادیان استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. عنایت عباسی دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-5238-7185 محمدحسن وکیل پور استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. هادی مؤمنی هلالی محقق مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج، معاونت مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، آمل، ایران. 0000-0003-0817-2598 Journal Article 2022 07 03 Introduction The village, as the basis of the system and due to its position at different levels of the development process, plays an important role in the life and prosperity of any society. Agriculture as the dominant activity in the village has a decisive role in providing independence and food security. Agriculture has many capacities, and it is very important to use these capacities in order to provide a sustainable livelihood and maintain the population of the villagers. One of these capacities is benefiting from rural tourism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to analyze the gap between the current and expected situation of the impact of rural tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural households. Materials and Methods The present research is applied of view point of its purpose and is a descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study included 224 households in Kalvan village. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 135 households were identified as the sample participated in this study. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the research tool was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used. Results and Discussion Examining the gap between the current and the expected situation, the results indicate that the expected situation score is significantly higher than the current situation score of the impact of tourism in each of the dimensions of sustainable rural livelihood. The results showed that there is the largest gap between the expected and current status of dimensions of institutional-structural, economic-financial and natural-environmental resources, respectively. Therefore, paying attention to these dimensions, including the introduction of Kalvan village as a tourist destination through mass media, as well as providing the necessary conditions to stabilize the livelihood of Kalvan village households and their permanence in the village will be of great help. Conclusions The key message of this study was based on the principle that the expectations of people living in Kelvan village on the sustainability of livelihood assets due to tourism have not been met to a large extent. The need to address the expectations of the target community (tourist areas) is related to the coordination among different organizations, including the tourism organization, the environmental organization, and the agricultural jahad organization of the province, as well as other related institutions. On the other hand, culturalization of the proper use of natural resources by tourists should be paid attention to by those in charge. یکی از راهکارها برای بازگرداندن ساکنان بومی به روستاها و یا حفظ جمعیت روستاها بدون آسیب به بافت و طبیعت آ‌نها توسعه گردشگری روستایی است. بر این اساس، هدف تحقیق حاضر تحلیل شکاف بین وضعیت موجود و مورد انتظار تأثیر گردشگری روستایی بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی است. تحقیق حاضر ازلحاظ هدف، کاربردی و ازلحاظ روش، توصیفی-پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل 224 خانوار روستای کلوان بودند که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان، 135 خانوار بهعنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه شناسایی شدند. نتایج بررسی شکاف بین وضع موجود و مورد انتظار، حاکی از آن است که امتیاز وضعیت مورد انتظار در مقایسه با وضعیت موجود تأثیر گردشگری در هریک از ابعاد معیشت پایدار روستایی به‌ طور معنی‌داری بالاتر است. نتایج نشان داد که بین وضعیت مورد انتظار و موجود ابعاد نهادی-ساختاری، اقتصادی-مالی و منابع ‌طبیعی-زیست‌محیطی به ترتیب بیشترین شکاف وجود دارد. لذا توجه به این ابعاد از جمله معرفی روستای کلوان بهعنوان مقصد گردشگری از طریق رسانه‌های جمعی و نیز فراهم‌سازی شرایط لازم در پایدارسازی معیشت خانوارهای روستای کلوان و ماندگاری آنها در روستا کمک شایانی خواهد کرد.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129494_162bccf66d122a9e192e200f608ebe19.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Surveying the Economic Efficiency of Rural Production Cooperatives and Prioritization of their Problems in the Management Process and the Marketing System بررسی کارایی اقتصادی تعاونیهای تولیدی روستایی و اولویت‌بندی مشکلات آن‌ها در فرایند مدیریت و نظام بازاریابی 129 156 129089 10.30490/rvt.2023.357234.1436 FA حسن اعمی بنده قرایی دکترای اقتصاد، عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه پیام نور واحدکاشمر، ایران حسن مهرآفرین دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی گرایش بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران. محمد نوروزیان دانشجوی دکترا گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. 0000-0002-6674-3881 سید مهدی حسینی استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. Journal Article 2021 12 25 Introduction Cooperatives have an important role in rural development in a way that they are mentioned as a part of the dynamic and active agricultural environment and as a way to the agricultural world. The studies on the production cooperatives clarified that the cooperatives have a significant role in making important decisions. Agricultural cooperatives are so important in the development of agricultural efficiency that may help to the economic welfare of the farmers. Agricultural cooperatives as one of the most important sources producing agricultural productions are among the suppliers of food security of Iran. According to the statistics and information in this field, nowadays agricultural production cooperative companies provide more than 30% of the products like wheat, barley, rape, sugar beet, cotton, corn and potato. The existing cooperatives have not been that successful so far due to reasons like lack of credit, weak financial basis, inadequate capital, lack of the required training for team work, their inability in omitting brokers and mediators, poor management, the disappointment of the members for the function of cooperative, lack of sufficient expert personnel, law quality of the machinery and poor notification. Regarding the numerous problems of cooperatives, a comprehensive planning for solving the problems is required. These factors result in decrease performance and consequently efficiency drop. The role of management in cooperatives is an effective factor in their efficiency and performance. With the above- mentioned items in mind, estimating the performance of cooperatives in order to compare the managerial abilities of each of the cooperatives, the efficiency of production cooperatives in Khalil Abad, Kashmar and Bardaskan around the province of Khorasan Razawi has been fulfilled. Materials and Methods In this study, random data envelopment analysis with random scenario approach (SDEA) was chosen in order to estimate the economic efficiency of rural production cooperatives in Tarshiz (Plain Khalil Abad, Kashmar and Bardaskan). Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) approach and entropy criterion were used to prioritize the problems of rural production cooperatives in these cities in the management process and marketing system. Generally, in the common DEA models, the exact data is used for measuring the efficiency of decision units. Since a person who wants to make decision is confronted with risky situation and uncertainty, it is not possible to determine the exact amount of inputs and outputs and this may put the precision of the model under question. In order to solve this shortcoming and enter the risky terms and uncertainty in determining the efficiency of each decision making unit, Random Data Envelopment Analysis can be used. In this study, the statistical information of the year 2019-2020 which was collected by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 220 members of the selected cooperatives. The studied units include 60 rural production cooperatives. For this, Excel, GAMS and Eviews software have been used for their analysis. Results and Discussion This study aims to estimate the efficiency and the effective factors on efficiency of production cooperatives in the above-mentioned cities. In order to follow a set of national policies and fulfill them to reach to a required level of efficiency in cooperatives some actions should be taken. Therefore, in order to provide strong results random Data Envelopment Analysis with random inputs to estimate the efficiency of the cooperatives, separate local studies and categorization based on their efficiency and optimization was conducted. The results showed that the range between the most efficient and the inefficient ones are so wide and with promoting managerial factors from the efficient ones to the inefficient ones, increasing profitability would be possible. According to the results, the level of efficiency in agricultural cooperatives of these cities is more than average and is relatively efficient. The average of economic efficiency in agricultural cooperatives in the studied areas is 74% and it is possible to promote it up to 26%. Based on the data collected, there is a direct relationship between CEO’s level of education and economic efficiency in a way that the more educated the CEO, the more efficient the cooperative. Also, the distance of the cooperative from the city center has the direct effect on economic efficiency of the cooperatives. As it is shown variables like the education of the CEO, the distance of the cooperative to city center, participating in training classes and investing in cooperatives have a positive and meaningful effect on the efficiency of the cooperatives. Other factors which were analyzed about efficiency are the number of members in cooperative age and risk taking of the CEO but they were not considerably effective on the efficiency of cooperatives. Conclusions The results of random data envelopment analysis (SDEA) showed that the average random efficiency of rural production cooperatives in three cities is 74% and is at a relatively moderate level. The efficiency of private sector cooperatives (83%) is more efficient than the state-managed sector (73%). The results of the hierarchical analysis model (AHP) showed that inappropriate policies in pricing and price fluctuations of agricultural products, low services in the field of packaging, processing, marketing and distribution of products and lack of comprehensive long-term planning by managers (lack of marketing research) are priors in, respectively, the inefficiency of the management process and marketing system of rural production cooperatives in our cities. It is suggested to create an independent unit in the rural production cooperatives of the region in the field of obtaining information about the daily price trends of products in the domestic and global markets in order to reach farmers support the marketing system. با توجه به اینکه تعاونی های تولیدی در توسعه اقتصادی کشور نقش مهمی دارند، ارزیابی عملکرد اقتصادی این شرکت ها از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این مطالعه روش تحلیل پوششی داده‌های تصادفی با رویکرد سناریوی تصادفی (SDEA) به منظور برآورد کارایی اقتصادی تعاونی‌های تولیدی روستایی منطقه ترشیز انتخاب ‌شد. برای اولویت‌بندی مشکلات تعاونی‌های تولیدی روستایی این شهرستان‌ها در فرایند مدیریت و نظام بازاریابی، از رهیافت تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و معیار آنتروپی استفاده شد. داده های مورد نیاز مربوط به سال 99-1398 بود که با تکمیل پرسشنامه‌ و مصاحبه حضوری با 220 نفر از اعضای تعاونی های منتخب جمع آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد کارایی تصادفی تعاونی‌های تولیدی روستایی مناطق مورد مطالعه در سطح 73 درصد است و متغیرهای مالکیت تعاونی، تحصیلات اعضا، فاصله تعاونی تا مرکز شهر، شرکت در کلاس‌های آموزشی و سابقه فعالیت شرکت تأثیر مستقیم و معنی‌دار بر کارایی دارد. ایجاد یک واحد مستقل در تعاونی‌های تولیدی روستایی منطقه در زمینه اطلاع یابی از روند قیمت روز محصولات در بازارهای داخلی و جهانی جهت دسترسی هرچه سریع‌تر کشاورزان پیشنهاد می‌شود.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129089_6cf1de631ae1e53c40712e7661f385b0.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Spatial Variability of Socio-Ecological Systems Using Multi-Criteria Evaluation in the North of Ardabil Province تغییرات مکانی سیستم‌های اجتماعی- بوم‌شناختی با استفاده از ارزیابی چندمعیاره در شمال استان اردبیل 157 182 129488 10.30490/rvt.2023.360813.1501 FA عسگر حسین زاده دکترای علوم مرتع‌، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. مهدی معمری دانشیار گروه علوم گیاهی و گیاهان داروئی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-2917-4736 اردوان قربانی استاد گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. رئوف مصطفی زاده دانشیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. مرتضی مفیدی چلان استادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری‌، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. Journal Article 2022 12 07 Introduction Resolving social, economic and ecological challenges, analyzing the relationships between stakeholders and their surrounding environment is one of the requirements for empowering rangeland users. The interaction of humans and nature is defined as socio-ecological systems. Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity have been identified as three characteristics related to the socio-ecological system. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to investigate the spatial changes of socio-ecological systems based on vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capacity criteria. Also, prioritization of the northern rural districts of Ardabil province using multi-criteria evaluation is another objective of the current study. Materials and Methods In this study, the research was conducted in the northern villages of Ardabil province. As per the Iranian Statistics Center's report from 2015, the northern region of Ardabil province comprises four cities: Meshginshahr, Germi, Bilasuvar, and Parsabad, along with 31 rural districts and 980 villages. The total population in this area is 237,907, residing in 61,412 households. The study focused on rural districts as the primary socio-ecological management units. These units encompass rural communities and rangeland ecosystems, each evaluated based on criteria such as resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. Based on the purpose of the research and different dimensions of socio-ecological systems, the research sub-criteria were selected. Data for the sub-criteria were gathered through mapping, climate data, and questionnaire analysis. To standardize the values across different rural districts, the maximum method was applied due to the varying nature of the criteria. Then, different weighting methods were then employed to evaluate and prioritize the rural districts accordingly. Results and Discussion The analysis results indicate that Shaban and Lahrud rural districts in Meshginshahr county have the highest vulnerability scores (0.871 and 0.867), while Aslandoz and North Qashlaq rural districts in Parsabad county have the lowest scores (0.448 and 0.483). This suggests that Shaban and Lahrud are in a more vulnerable situation compared to Aslandoz and North Qeshlaq. In terms of resilience, central Arshagh and West Qashlaq rural districts in Parsabad county have the lowest values (0.252 and 0.286), while the two western Meshgin and Meshginshahr Ghareso rural districts have the highest values (0.692 and 0.691) among all rural districts. Additionally, the adaptive capacity criterion shows that Dasht and Lahrud rural districts in Meshginshahr exhibit the highest favorability (0.797 and 0.864), whereas Angirlu and South Qeshlaq rural districts in Bilasuvar have lower favorability compared to other districts (0.111 and 0.145). Furthermore, the zoned maps of socio-ecological system index values revealed that when applying equal weighting or adjusting the weight of each criterion, there were no significant variations in the socio-ecological system index across rural districts. Notably, the analysis indicated that the southern rural districts in the research area exhibited more favorable socio-ecological conditions compared to other regions. Consequently, it is imperative to implement robust measures to conserve nature and the environment, provide support to rural communities, and align efforts with sustainable development objectives. This approach will facilitate informed decision-making and effective management of plans and projects aimed at enhancing social-ecological systems. Conclusions The results showed that the index of socio-ecological systems of Dasht, Lahrud, Qarasu, Western Meshgin and Eastern Meshgin rural districts in all four weighting approach conditions (with the same weighting, emphasis on vulnerability criteria, emphasis on resilience criteria and emphasis on adaptation capacity criteria) are more desirable compared to other rural districts. Overall, it is important to acknowledge that rural communities face greater challenges compared to urban areas in various aspects. When natural disasters strike, these communities are particularly vulnerable and have limited resources to recover. Therefore, it is crucial for management efforts to focus on maintaining favorable conditions and enhancing vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity in lower prioritized regions. Based on the research results, it is recommended to prioritize intra-regional and inter-regional equity to establish sustainable development and service indicators effectively. Special attention should be given to the spatial and physical organization of rural villages. یکی از الزامات توانمندسازی بهره‌برداران مرتع و برطرف کردن چالش‌های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و بوم‌شناختی، تحلیل روابط بهره‌برداران و محیط اطراف آن‌ها است. رابطه دوطرفه و تعامل انسان و طبیعت به‌عنوان سیستم‌های اجتماعی-بوم‌شناختی شناخته می‌شوند. آسیب‌پذیری، تاب‌آوری و ظرفیت سازگاری به‌عنوان سه ویژگی مرتبط با سیستم اجتماعی-بوم‌شناختی مشخص شده است. لذا، هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تغییرات مکانی سیستم‌های اجتماعی-بوم‌شناختی بر اساس معیارهای آسیب‌پذیری، تاب‌آوری و ظرفیت سازگاری و اولویت‌بندی دهستان‌های شمال استان اردبیل با استفاده از ارزیابی چندمعیاره است. بر اساس هدف تحقیق و ابعاد مختلف سیستم‌های اجتماعی-اکولوژیک، زیرمعیارهای پژوهش انتخاب شد. در ادامه مقادیر زیرمعیارها با استفاده از نقشه‌های پایه، اطلاعات اقلیمی و نیز تهیه پرسشنامه به‌ دست آمد. با توجه به ماهیت متفاوت معیارها، مقادیر آن ها در هر دهستان با استفاده از روش حداکثر استاندارد شد. در ادامه رویکردهای مختلف وزن‌دهی در ارزیابی و اولویت‌بندی دهستان‌ها به کار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد شاخص سیستم‌های اجتماعی-بوم‌شناختی دهستان‌های دشت، لاهرود، قره‌سو، مشگین غربی و مشگین شرقی در هر چهار حالت (با وزندهی یکسان، تأکید بر معیار آسیب‌پذیری، تأکید بر معیار تاب‌آوری و تأکید بر معیار ظرفیت سازگاری) نسبت به سایر دهستان‌ها وضعیت مطلوب‌تری دارند.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129488_e5002fe373e50d51388f1b833c3b1f87.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Determining the Spatial Performance of Rural Areas in terms of Ecotourism Development Potential (Case Study: Ardabil County) تعیین عملکرد فضایی نقاط روستایی به لحاظ توان توسعه اکوتوریسم (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان اردبیل) 184 212 129491 10.30490/rvt.2023.358271.1459 FA بهرام ایمانی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0009-0008-2668-1170 سعیده علوی دانش آموخته دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0001-8015-9641 Journal Article 2022 05 11 Introduction The tourism industry is considered as a vital factor for the economy due to job creation and income generation. But tourism, along with positive effects, especially in the economic field, can sometimes have negative effects. Considering the negative effects caused by tourism, the concept of sustainable tourism was born, and among the many approaches for sustainable tourism, ecotourism was proposed as the most compatible type of tourism with the greatest potential. This form of tourism has a deep respect for people, tourist places and objects that are visited, and in it, a special emphasis is placed on protecting natural and cultural resources, involving local people in planning processes and creating prosperity for this. Among the tourism opportunities available in rural areas, the presence of natural attractions, pristine landscapes and suitable weather strengthens the ground for the development of ecotourism in villages more than other aspects of tourism development and as a complementary economy. Rural is a useful solution to reduce poverty and reduce migration from rural to the city and increase the level of welfare of rural people, and it can have an all-round effect on the lives of rural people. Considering the importance of ecotourism in national and regional development and the fact that Ardabil county as the center of Ardabil province is prone to develop ecotourism at the country level, and since it has unique ecotourism features and these features and advantages can be considered the basis of sustainable rural development of the city if planned, according to the importance of this part of tourism, the present research was conducted with the aim of determining the spatial performance of rural areas in terms of the ability to develop ecotourism in Ardabil county. Materials and Methods In terms of purpose and nature, the current research is of applied type and analytical and descriptive methods respectively. The geographical area under study is 52 rural points with a population of over 500 people from the three districts of Somrin (7 villages), Markazi (34 villages) and Hir (11 villages) in Ardabil county and the sample size is 50 students and professors of tourism to determine the importance of indicators. Quantitative data used in this research was obtained through the information contained in the birth certificates of the settlements published by the Deputy of Rural Development and Underprivileged Regions of the country and was analyzed using Guttman's model. Results and Discussion According to the results of Gutman's model, out of 52 studied villages, 3 villages have been evaluated at the tourism pole level, 21 villages at the center level and 28 villages at the tourism point level. In this way, 54 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist spots, and the average of these villages is less than 3.65, and 40 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist centers. As a result, the studied villages have not benefited from the benefits of ecotourism in the same way. Also, the results of the analysis of the poles of ecotourism by different parts of Ardabil county showed that the average of Somrin part is equal to 3.65 and according to this, Somrin village with an average of 6.56 and the highest score as a pole is in the central part of Ardabil county. Anzab Alia village with a score of 6.22 as a tourism hub and Hir section with an average of 3.96 has the best performance among other sections. In this part, Aralavi Bozorg village with the highest average which is equal to 6.44 can become a tourist hub if planned. Also, in the meantime, the village of Qezal Qiyah with a score of 5.33 has a high potential to change the function of the tourism center to a tourism hub. Conclusions Since all villages do not have the ability to develop in the field of tourism or this ability is very weak, it is necessary to select the villages that have a higher ability in the field of tourism than other villages with knowledge. According to the results of the village of Somrin, Anzab Alia and Aralvi Bozorg were chosen as the tourist hub of Ardabil county. Villages that have the function of tourism poles are the first priority for investment in the development of ecotourism. Tourism centers are those villages that, if strengthened, have the ability to become tourism hubs. There are 21 rural spots in Ardabil county. The tourism spot is considered as the third priority in the discussion of ecotourism development. Out of the 52 studied villages, 28 villages have the spatial function of a rural spot, which needs to be strengthened during a long-term planning. Also, among the three districts of Ardabil county, in terms of average, Hir district is in the first priority with an average of 3.96, Somrin district is in the second priority with an average of 3.65, and Central district is in the third priority with an average of 3.51. توسعه اکوتوریسم با ایجاد فرصت های شغلی منافع اقتصادی بی شماری را به ‌طور مستقیم متوجه مردم بومی می سازد. گردشگری روستایی نیز به‌عنوان اقتصاد مکمل روستایی راهکاری مفید در جهت کاهش فقر و مهاجرت های روستایی به شهرها و افزایش سطح رفاه مردم روستایی مطرح هست که با توجه به ماهیت اکوتوریسم و همخوانی و سازگاری آن با توسعه پایدار می تواند رونق اقتصادی روستا را در پی داشته باشد. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین عملکرد فضایی نقاط روستایی به لحاظ توان توسعه اکوتوریسم در شهرستان اردبیل انجام‌ شده است. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی، 52 نقطه روستایی از بخش ثمرین، مرکزی و هیر با جمعیت بالای 500 نفر را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. جهت تعیین عملکرد فضایی روستاها از نه معیار در قالب پنجاه شاخص استفاده‌ شده که با استفاده از مدل ANP وزن دهی شده و تحلیل ها به کمک مدل گاتمن و تاپسیس انجام ‌شده است. نتایج نشان داد که روستای ثمرین، آرالوی بزرگ و انزاب علیا با میانگین به ترتیب 6/56، 6/44 و 6/22 جز قطب گردشگری شهرستان اردبیل و روستاهای سلطان آباد، قزل قیه، حکیم قشلاقی با میانگین بالای 5 از پتانسیل بالایی برای تبدیل ‌شدن به قطب گردشگری برخوردار هستند. همچنین 21 روستا دارای عملکرد فضایی کانون گردشگری و 28 روستا دارای عملکرد فضایی نقطه گردشگری هستند. همچنین نتایج مدل تاپسیس نشان داد که روستای ثمرین دارای بهترین عملکرد برای توسعه اکوتوریسم روستایی و روستاهای آرالوی بزرگ، پیراقوم، انزاب علیا در رتبه های دوم تا چهارم قرار دارند.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129491_e319763999f67a0d52424e0dff4c265c.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Identifying the Green Marketing Components in the Iranian Dairy Industry شناسایی مؤلفه های بازاریابی سبز در صنعت لبنیات ایران 213 242 129495 10.30490/rvt.2023.360026.1489 FA مسعود عسکری دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران. سیدعبدالله حیدریه دانشیار گروه مدیریت، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران. 0000-0002-7523-2717 یونس وکیل الرعایا دانشیار گروه مدیریت، مرکز تحقیقات کارآفرینی، ایده پردازی و تجاری سازی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران. Journal Article 2022 09 15 Introduction Changing market mechanisms for the production and supply of new environmentally friendly products has become an important issue for companies and marketing units. Therefore, companies should significantly reduce their negative environmental impacts in production, distribution, provision of raw materials and energy consumption. Otherwise, they will be harmed by the laws and customer demand. Such changes in the preferences and demands of customers, which are raised in the form of environmental concerns, have had a significant impact on the innovation of manufacturing companies. Materials and Methods In order to identify the components of green marketing in the dairy industry, the present study has used a quantitative approach. More precisely, in order to present the mentioned model, the Fuzzy-DEMATEL-ISM (Fuzzy-DEMATEL-Interpretive-Structural Modelling) method known as FDISM has been used. Although both ISM and DEMATEL are multi-criteria decision-making methods, they are used to understand the interactions among identified factors and their clustering at certain levels. The ISM method helps to understand the "what" and "how" in theory building and DEMATEL provides direct and indirect effects between components. Results and Discussion In this study, the identification of green marketing components in the dairy industry was considered. After identifying the components of green marketing, the influence and effectiveness of each of these components was determined using the fuzzy Dimetal technique. Based on the results, it was determined that environmental laws and standards and social responsibility of companies are the most influential factors, and customers' purchase intentions are the most influential factors. Finally, with interpretative structural modelling, the mentioned factors are levelled in the form of a model in six levels as follows. Two factors of laws and regulations and environmental standards and social responsibility of companies as the most basic factors are located in the first level and green marketing strategy in the second level and two factors of green change and innovation and green marketing orientation are located in the third level and green production in the fourth level and the four marketing mix factors are placed at the fifth level and the purchase intention factor as the most influential factor is at the sixth level. Conclusions According to the research results regarding the importance of green production and attention to food health in the dairy industry, companies should change the design of dairy products to avoid toxic compounds in the production process; Also, the producers of this product should change the design of the products in order to improve the energy efficiency during use, and as the most important factor, the packaging of the biodegradable product should be changed in order to reduce the environmental effects. According to the research results regarding the importance of social responsibility in green marketing and the role of branding in the development of social responsibility, dairy companies producing organic/green products should create a brand and avoid the production and sale of bulk dairy products. In designing and creating a green brand, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that their title matches the type of products to be useful in creating their brand image. Considering the importance of green market orientation, green strategies and change management and green innovation in the green marketing model, companies producing dairy products should focus on improving the quality of their products and services through a new orientation and strengthening the spirit of change. Showing their effectiveness towards the environment and showing their environmental concerns by using promotion activities to help customers' perception of their originality and also by strengthening the three dimensions of their green tendencies (communications, activities and offers) high green value for products from the consumer's point of view. The present study faces a major limitation that should be considered in future studies. The model presented in this research examined the effect of variables on each other statically. Considering that the variables may interact with each other, it is suggested that this model might be investigated by the system dynamics method in future research. با افزایش گرایش مصرف‌کنندگان در سال‌های اخیر به خرید محصولات سالم و ایمن، بازاریابی سبز به یکی از موضوعات مهم در حوزه بازاریابی تبدیل شده است. شناسایی مؤلفه‌های بازاریابی سبز در صنعت غذا به ویژه لبنیات، کمتر مورد توجه بوده است. ازاین رو، مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی مؤلفه‌های بازاریابی سبز در صنعت لبنیات کشور انجام شده است. بدین منظور از روش ترکیبی Fuzzy-DEMATEL-ISM (دیمتل فازی ـ مدل‌سازی ساختاری ـ تفسیری) استفاده شد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از دیدگاه 17 نفر از کارشناسان موضوعی در سال 1400 استفاده شد که تمامی آنها از میان مدیران شرکتها و اتحادیه های لبنی و صاحب ‏نظران دانشگاهی انتخاب شدند. نتایج دیمتل فازی نشان داد که قصد خرید مصرف‌کنندگان محصولات لبنی به عنوان متغیری با بیشترین درجه تأثیرپذیری (معلول) از سایر متغیرها مطرح است. همچنین، نتایج مدل‌سازی ساختاری ـ تفسیری حاکی از آن است که مؤلفه‌های قوانین و استانداردهای زیست محیطی و مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت با قدرت نفوذ (اثرگذاری) بالا به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌های مستقل شناخته شدند و در مقابل، قصد خرید مصرف‌کنندگان محصولات لبنی با میزان وابستگی بالا به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌ای وابسته تلقی می‌شود. بدین ترتیب، توجه به مؤلفه های توضیح دهنده قصد خرید محصولات لبنی در مدل بازاریابی حائز اهمیت است که دراین میان میتوان به تسهیل فضای قانونی و تقویت مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت‌ها اشاره کرد.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129495_2d794b46a1e6e77ec86edb98b6eef8f7.pdf

موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی روستا و توسعه 1563-3322 26 3 2023 12 22 Identifying the Effective Drivers for the Development of Rural Women’s Home Businesses (Study Area: Islam-Abad Qarb County) شناسایی پیشران های مؤثر بر توسعه کسب و کارهای خانگی زنان روستایی (منطقه مورد مطالعه: شهرستان اسلام آباد غرب) 243 265 129591 10.30490/rvt.2023.360872.1504 FA فاطمه نرماشیری استادیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی، مجتمع آموزش عالی سراوان، سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران. 0000-0002-7456-8913 سارا جلیلیان دانش آموخته دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2022 12 13 Introduction Given the development trend in natural resources and Human-Environment Systems studies, there is an emphasized need for a more comprehensive perspective and approaches, such as examining coupled human-environment systems. In this regard, the role of rural women as key factors in sustainable knowledge has been highlighted, emphasizing strengthening home-based businesses as an effective solution to improve their economic and social status. The definition of home-based businesses focuses on economic activities carried out at the place of personal residence, utilizing household facilities. These businesses play a significant role in providing household income and contributing to the gross domestic product within human societies. The economic value and impact of home-based businesses on increasing household income and empowering rural women have drawn the attention of governments. In developed countries, these businesses are considered vital components of economic activities. As a suitable approach in Iran, home-based businesses can expand employment opportunities for rural women and contribute to their empowerment and poverty reduction in these areas. The present research aims to address which factors significantly influence the development of businesses, aiming to identify and analyze facilitative and driving factors for the development of home-based businesses among rural women in the Islam-Abad Qarb region. Materials and Methods This study investigates the factors that facilitate the development of rural women's home-based businesses in Islam-Abad Qarb County. A sample of 265 rural women engaged in home-based businesses was surveyed using a survey method. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula was applied after conducting a pre-test on 30 individuals, resulting in a sample size of 161. The opinions and perspectives of these 161 rural women regarding the facilitating factors for the development of home-based businesses were examined. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire the researcher designed, validated, and found reliable. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, standard deviation, variance, and means were used in data analysis using SPSS26. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis with the LISREL8.8 software, and goodness-of-fit indices such as RMSEA and absolute and comparative fit indices were employed. Results and Discussion The research findings indicate that educational and economic factors are the most influential factors in driving business development. Moreover, women's inclination towards financial independence and improving their own and their family's financial situation is the primary motivator for them to start a home-based business, which, according to the results, was agreed upon by the majority of the studied community. On the other hand, the least influential factor in business development was found to be related to social and cultural conditions. According to the results, rural women needed more knowledge and expertise while receiving their coaching training. Conclusions The development of home-based businesses and the enhancement of women's skills in this sector have a direct and positive impact on various aspects. On the one hand, these initiatives contribute to economic development and job creation; while on the other hand, they can lead to improvements in the social, cultural, and health conditions of women and their families. Various factors affect the development of rural women's home-based businesses, including educational, individual-behavioral, economic, governmental or infrastructural support, family-psychological, and socio-cultural factors. Identifying these factors can serve as a guide for planning empowerment and capacity-building programs for rural women. It is therefore suggested that the specific educational needs of rural women be identified first and then organized into specialized and practical training courses in collaboration with expert trainers. Additionally, measures are recommended to foster collaboration and solidarity among rural women, strengthen their entrepreneurial skills, and improve their psychological and social conditions. پایداری نظام های انسان- محیط زیست در گرو توانمندی جامعه محلی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی پیشران های مؤثر بر توسعه کسب و کارهای خانگی زنان روستایی و به صورت پیمایشی انجام شده است. از بین جامعه آماری 265 نفری زنان روستایی شهرستان اسلام آباد غرب، 161 نفر با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و نمونه‏ گیری تصادفی انتساب متناسب طبقه ای به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده برای جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه ای بود که روایی صوری آن توسط اساتید گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا و دانشگاه تهران و متخصصین حوزه توانمندسازی و توسعه روستایی تأیید شد. پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ (0/70=α) نشان داد که از قابلیت بالایی برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات برخوردار است. جهت انجام آزمون های آماری و توصیفی از نرم افزارهای SPSS وLISREL بهره گرفته شد. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر بیشترین اثرگذاری عوامل آموزشی و اقتصادی به عنوان پیشران های توسعه کسب و کار است. همچنین تمایل زنان به استقلال مالی و بهبود وضعیت مالی خود و خانواده شان بیشترین محرک آن ها در مسیر راه اندازی یک کسب و کار خانگی است، که بر اساس نتایج، مورد توافق اکثریت جامعه مورد مطالعه نیز بود. از سویی کم ‏رنگ ترین عامل محرک یا پیشران در توسعه کسب و کار، مرتبط با شرایط اجتماعی و فرهنگی ارزیابی شده است. طبق نتایج، مربی آموزشی زنان روستایی از دانش و تخصص لازم برخوردار نبودند، ازاین رو پیشنهاد می شود در گام اولیه از طریق نیازسنجی، آموزش های مورد نیاز آن ها، مشخص و سپس از مربیانی که تخصص و صلاحیت لازم را دارند استفاده شود.

http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_129591_f400d371a3aeaaef09f5533381e99329.pdf