Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Investigation of Effective Factors on Agricultural Labor Productivity, Income Distribution and Poverty in Rural Areas of IranInvestigation of Effective Factors on Agricultural Labor Productivity, Income Distribution and Poverty in Rural Areas of Iran1235941010.30490/rvt.2018.59410FAJournal Article20180314Growth of agricultural sector could reduce rural poverty by labor productivity improvement in parallel with balanced income distribution. Increase in productivity depends on many factors such as investment, education and skills of labor and infrastructure, in turn. In this study, factors affecting agricultural labor productivity, income distribution and poverty in rural areas of Iran were explained through simultaneous system of equation for period of 1981-2007. The results indicated that spending on education and research, literacy rate, spending on electricity supplying and capital stock would lead to increase in productivity of agricultural labor; and this growth, in addition to the investments on rural industries and infrastructural spending, would improve income distribution and finally reduce rural poverty. The results of this study suggest that expenditure of infrastructure, rural electrification, road construction, rural health centers and investment in rural industries should be increased.Growth of agricultural sector could reduce rural poverty by labor productivity improvement in parallel with balanced income distribution. Increase in productivity depends on many factors such as investment, education and skills of labor and infrastructure, in turn. In this study, factors affecting agricultural labor productivity, income distribution and poverty in rural areas of Iran were explained through simultaneous system of equation for period of 1981-2007. The results indicated that spending on education and research, literacy rate, spending on electricity supplying and capital stock would lead to increase in productivity of agricultural labor; and this growth, in addition to the investments on rural industries and infrastructural spending, would improve income distribution and finally reduce rural poverty. The results of this study suggest that expenditure of infrastructure, rural electrification, road construction, rural health centers and investment in rural industries should be increased.http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59410_358d13a762dea555913dc1ed31034fe8.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Monitoring the Spatial Developments of Rural Settlements in Border Regions: Challenges and Potentials in the Function of Rural Society in Baneh Border CountyMonitoring the Spatial Developments of Rural Settlements in Border Regions: Challenges and Potentials in the Function of Rural Society in Baneh Border County25485941110.30490/rvt.2018.59411FAJournal Article20180314 Nowadays, due to the growth of international trade, border regions function at a national level in distribution of imported and exported goods, within the opportunities for regional development, a role which has been affected by regional and international factors in different periods. This study aimed at investigating and identifying the different consequences of actors' decisions on regional development and their effects on the developments made because of the informal economy in Baneh border region. It was conducted in a descriptive and analytical method. The required data and documents were collected through both desk studies and field survey. The results showed that insecure period of the Iran-Iraq war, returning the security after the war, the war of Iraq in 2003, border line blockage in 2009 and informal economy (smuggling goods) are among the main changing factors and making unstable the function of rural society of Baneh border county. Finally, focusing on a regional strategic planning was suggested by the study to create sustainable development in the concerned county. Nowadays, due to the growth of international trade, border regions function at a national level in distribution of imported and exported goods, within the opportunities for regional development, a role which has been affected by regional and international factors in different periods. This study aimed at investigating and identifying the different consequences of actors' decisions on regional development and their effects on the developments made because of the informal economy in Baneh border region. It was conducted in a descriptive and analytical method. The required data and documents were collected through both desk studies and field survey. The results showed that insecure period of the Iran-Iraq war, returning the security after the war, the war of Iraq in 2003, border line blockage in 2009 and informal economy (smuggling goods) are among the main changing factors and making unstable the function of rural society of Baneh border county. Finally, focusing on a regional strategic planning was suggested by the study to create sustainable development in the concerned county.http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59411_77516d56adc65736bc190e94de11c9d3.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314An Investigation of Factors Influencing Tendency of Walnut Producers towards Participating in Establishment of Production Cooperatives in Tuyserkan County of IranAn Investigation of Factors Influencing Tendency of Walnut Producers towards Participating in Establishment of Production Cooperatives in Tuyserkan County of Iran49695941210.30490/rvt.2018.59412FAJournal Article20180314 This study was conducted to investigate effective factors on the tendency of walnut producers towards participating in establishing walnut production cooperatives in Tuyserkan county of Iran. It was a descriptive-correlation research using both descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, mean, minimum and maximum) and analytical statistics (correlation and regression analysis, Mann-Whitney test). Calculating correlations between variables showed positive and statistically significant relations between 'tendency to participation' and performance, off-farm income, on-farm income, capital supports of government, social preconditions and producers’ attitude; in addition, there were found negative and statistically significant relations between 'tendency to participation' and work experience and the age, as well. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that walnut producers’ attitude, off-farm income, capital supports of government, work experience and social preconditions explained a statistically significant portion of variance (R2= 42) for the producers’ tendency to participation. Regarding the standardized coefficients, producers’ attitude was considered as the most effective factor in predicting variance of the dependent variable. This study was conducted to investigate effective factors on the tendency of walnut producers towards participating in establishing walnut production cooperatives in Tuyserkan county of Iran. It was a descriptive-correlation research using both descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, mean, minimum and maximum) and analytical statistics (correlation and regression analysis, Mann-Whitney test). Calculating correlations between variables showed positive and statistically significant relations between 'tendency to participation' and performance, off-farm income, on-farm income, capital supports of government, social preconditions and producers’ attitude; in addition, there were found negative and statistically significant relations between 'tendency to participation' and work experience and the age, as well. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that walnut producers’ attitude, off-farm income, capital supports of government, work experience and social preconditions explained a statistically significant portion of variance (R2= 42) for the producers’ tendency to participation. Regarding the standardized coefficients, producers’ attitude was considered as the most effective factor in predicting variance of the dependent variable. http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59412_4cf9969801ab1a7d8949c23919525b13.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Simulation of Farmersâ Behavior towards Applying Water Reduction Policies on Cropping Patterns Using Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP)Simulation of Farmersâ Behavior towards Applying Water Reduction Policies on Cropping Patterns Using Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP)71925941310.30490/rvt.2018.59413FAJournal Article20180314 This study, focusing on optimal management of agricultural water resources, aimed at investigating simulation of farmers' behavior towards applying policies to decrease the amount of water to strategic crops on cropping pattern in Khorramabad county of Iran. The required data were collected through questionnaire by using stratified random sampling method in the crop year of 2012-13. After determining the cropping pattern, applying the agricultural water reduction policies in six scenarios including 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent decrease in water and doubling the price of water with 30 and 40 percent of water reduction by using positive mathematical programming method (PMP) . Results showed that a decreased amount of water consumption by 50 percent would lead to the decrease in cultivated lands of wheat, barley, colza and bean irrigated crops by 49.5, 46.2, 69.6 and 3.8 percent while leaving no change with those of rainfed crops due to their lower market prices and yields and also resulting in water input savings by 56.53 percent . This study, focusing on optimal management of agricultural water resources, aimed at investigating simulation of farmers' behavior towards applying policies to decrease the amount of water to strategic crops on cropping pattern in Khorramabad county of Iran. The required data were collected through questionnaire by using stratified random sampling method in the crop year of 2012-13. After determining the cropping pattern, applying the agricultural water reduction policies in six scenarios including 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent decrease in water and doubling the price of water with 30 and 40 percent of water reduction by using positive mathematical programming method (PMP) . Results showed that a decreased amount of water consumption by 50 percent would lead to the decrease in cultivated lands of wheat, barley, colza and bean irrigated crops by 49.5, 46.2, 69.6 and 3.8 percent while leaving no change with those of rainfed crops due to their lower market prices and yields and also resulting in water input savings by 56.53 percent . http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59413_8f0f97fd5d54a5266baefe05a31601d9.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314A Review on Poverty of Nomad Households in Drought Period and Identification of Its Determinants in Fars Province of IranA Review on Poverty of Nomad Households in Drought Period and Identification of Its Determinants in Fars Province of Iran931105941410.30490/rvt.2018.59414FAJournal Article20180314 This study investigated nomad households’ poverty in drought period and identified its determinant s in Fars province of Iran. D ata were gathered by 457 questionnaires from the nomad families through three-stage cluster random sampling. Standardized p recipitation index was used to classify drought severity, the headcount poverty and poverty gap indexes were used to determine the poverty situation, and the Tobit model was used to determine the factors affecting poverty probability . The result revealed that an increase of 17.5 percent in the poverty gap is very important in the drought period . Investigating the determinants indicated that the social structure of nomads based on their local knowledge was the most important factor in reducing the poverty gap in drought co nditions; and unreliable w ater resources were known as the most important and most fundamental cause of increasing poverty in the nomad society. Accordingly, to combat the poverty of nomads in such periods, the study suggests focusing on identification of strengths of nomad social structure and generalizing them as well as creating safe water resources. This study investigated nomad households’ poverty in drought period and identified its determinant s in Fars province of Iran. D ata were gathered by 457 questionnaires from the nomad families through three-stage cluster random sampling. Standardized p recipitation index was used to classify drought severity, the headcount poverty and poverty gap indexes were used to determine the poverty situation, and the Tobit model was used to determine the factors affecting poverty probability . The result revealed that an increase of 17.5 percent in the poverty gap is very important in the drought period . Investigating the determinants indicated that the social structure of nomads based on their local knowledge was the most important factor in reducing the poverty gap in drought co nditions; and unreliable w ater resources were known as the most important and most fundamental cause of increasing poverty in the nomad society. Accordingly, to combat the poverty of nomads in such periods, the study suggests focusing on identification of strengths of nomad social structure and generalizing them as well as creating safe water resources. http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59414_58efbde1c94f986e695cf00827d5b16d.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Factors Influencing Tendency of Graduates in Agriculture to Serve As Construction Soldiers in Centers of Jihad for Agriculture in Provinces of IranFactors Influencing Tendency of Graduates in Agriculture to Serve As Construction Soldiers in Centers of Jihad for Agriculture in Provinces of Iran1111335941510.30490/rvt.2018.59415FAJournal Article20180314 This study was conducted to investigate the effective factors on the tendency of graduates in Agriculture to serve as construction soldiers in Centers of Jihad for Agriculture in different provinces of Iran. It was an applied and descriptive study. The statistical population included all soldiers who had passed the military training period and participated in specialized and extension training in the ministry of Jihad for Agriculture (266 persons). These people were studied in census sampling method and the required data collected through questionnaires. The results of c orrelation analysis showed that among all variables, the distance of service location to home had a negative relation with the dependent variable and the cultural, social, job and p rofessional, skill and communication variables had significant relations with the dependent variable. The results of multiple regression showed that the cultural factor, distance of service location to home and job and professional factor explained 32 percent of the variations in the dependent variable. This study was conducted to investigate the effective factors on the tendency of graduates in Agriculture to serve as construction soldiers in Centers of Jihad for Agriculture in different provinces of Iran. It was an applied and descriptive study. The statistical population included all soldiers who had passed the military training period and participated in specialized and extension training in the ministry of Jihad for Agriculture (266 persons). These people were studied in census sampling method and the required data collected through questionnaires. The results of c orrelation analysis showed that among all variables, the distance of service location to home had a negative relation with the dependent variable and the cultural, social, job and p rofessional, skill and communication variables had significant relations with the dependent variable. The results of multiple regression showed that the cultural factor, distance of service location to home and job and professional factor explained 32 percent of the variations in the dependent variable. http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59415_dec396799792026e5e3f751e7b878539.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Economic Components of Agricultural Production Cooperatives from the Viewpoints of Involved Managers: Challenges and SolutionsEconomic Components of Agricultural Production Cooperatives from the Viewpoints of Involved Managers: Challenges and Solutions1351545941610.30490/rvt.2018.59416FAJournal Article20180314 Agricultural production cooperatives with a history of over five decades are known as one of the experienced operation systems in Iran, though they have faced many challenges and problems in the process of their activities and plan implementations. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the economic components of these cooperatives from the viewpoints of the involved managers. The statistical society included the cooperatives’ board of directors' members in six provinces. The sample size was determined 79 members by using Cochran equation. The results from multiple regression and correlation coefficient showed that among the studied variables, the adoptability of applied technologies in the cooperatives, government technical and credit supports, supply of fertilizers and pesticides as well as providing the inputs required by the farmers, agricultural insurances (including farming, livestock and fisheries), land consolidation credits, energy carriers, and guarantied purchase of products were found effective on achieving the goals of production cooperatives; in addition, less attention to the cooperatives in the Subsidies Targeting Plan, insufficient cash and capital turnover, lack of cooperation on the part of banks in assigned facilities payments and high interest rates of bank facilities for establishing the cooperatives were among others known as the main obstacles and problems faced by these cooperatives. Agricultural production cooperatives with a history of over five decades are known as one of the experienced operation systems in Iran, though they have faced many challenges and problems in the process of their activities and plan implementations. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the economic components of these cooperatives from the viewpoints of the involved managers. The statistical society included the cooperatives’ board of directors' members in six provinces. The sample size was determined 79 members by using Cochran equation. The results from multiple regression and correlation coefficient showed that among the studied variables, the adoptability of applied technologies in the cooperatives, government technical and credit supports, supply of fertilizers and pesticides as well as providing the inputs required by the farmers, agricultural insurances (including farming, livestock and fisheries), land consolidation credits, energy carriers, and guarantied purchase of products were found effective on achieving the goals of production cooperatives; in addition, less attention to the cooperatives in the Subsidies Targeting Plan, insufficient cash and capital turnover, lack of cooperation on the part of banks in assigned facilities payments and high interest rates of bank facilities for establishing the cooperatives were among others known as the main obstacles and problems faced by these cooperatives. http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59416_e551a2acf48e0484e12b089428324965.pdfAgricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI)Village and Development1563-332217420180314Estimating Poverty Line of Iranian Rural Households with Respect to Household Size, 2006-2011Estimating Poverty Line of Iranian Rural Households with Respect to Household Size, 2006-20111551725941710.30490/rvt.2018.59417FAJournal Article20180314 Rural poverty is a basic challenge in most countries and its reduction is the most important target of sustainable development. In this study, the rural poverty line was estimated according to household size during 2006-11 by using raw data. For this purpose, the household characteristics such as age, sex, occupational status, and educations were included in household utility function and based on Stone-Geary model; the rural absolute and relative poverty lines were estimated with the data of 416519 rural households during the span time of 1981-2011 in both pre-determined non-linear regression and two-steps panel methods per household (1-10 people). The results indicated that attention to social-economic characteristics of the rural households especially household size was the basic requirement for calculations related to the rural poverty line and the effect on the household poverty line in the form of a predetermined and per capita could create underestimation of the rural poverty line; therefore, the costs of a specific level of household welfare would not increase in a one by one scale. Rural poverty is a basic challenge in most countries and its reduction is the most important target of sustainable development. In this study, the rural poverty line was estimated according to household size during 2006-11 by using raw data. For this purpose, the household characteristics such as age, sex, occupational status, and educations were included in household utility function and based on Stone-Geary model; the rural absolute and relative poverty lines were estimated with the data of 416519 rural households during the span time of 1981-2011 in both pre-determined non-linear regression and two-steps panel methods per household (1-10 people). The results indicated that attention to social-economic characteristics of the rural households especially household size was the basic requirement for calculations related to the rural poverty line and the effect on the household poverty line in the form of a predetermined and per capita could create underestimation of the rural poverty line; therefore, the costs of a specific level of household welfare would not increase in a one by one scale. http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59417_e3d6cc3234536c545e69eb18115b6ebf.pdf